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Biology > Vert. Anat. Last Practical > Flashcards

Vert. Anat. Last Practical Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forebrain; cranial to the notochord

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2
Q

mesencephalon

A

Midbrain; overlies cranial end of notochord, has a thick dorsal root

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3
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forebrain; ventral (?) to the otic vesicle

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4
Q

Ganglia

A

Exist for dorsal cranial nerves 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 - these contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

-Motor neurons (3, 4, 6, 12) do not have ganglia

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5
Q

Tissue lining the coelom surrounding the pericardial cavity

A

somatic mesoderm

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6
Q

Tissue lining the pericardial cavity

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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7
Q

Neural Canal

A

Space inside the neural tube. In the brain, it is enlarged to form the ventricles

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8
Q

Ependymal layer

A

Single layer of cells lining the canal.

-All cells of the neural canal are made up by mitosis of these cells

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9
Q

Mantle layer

A

layer of glial + axon cells surrounding the ependymal layer

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10
Q

Marginal layer

A

Layer of glial + axon cells surrounding the mantle layer

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11
Q

Endoderm

A

Lines the pharynx and gut

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12
Q

Infundibulum

A

the ventral part of the diencephalon, adjacent to the stomodeum.
Forms the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

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13
Q

Sensory Layer

A

Thick layer of the retina, contains the light-sensing cells (rods & cones)

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14
Q

Archicortex

A 
the dorsal (top) part of the cerebral cortex.
Largely functions in memory
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15
Q

Hippocampus

A

The archicortex of mammals

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16
Q

Paleocortex

A

the ventral part of the cerebral cortex, functions largely in olfactory

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17
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

outpockets of paleocortex

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18
Q

Neocortex

A

forms between paleocortex and archicortex in later tetrapods

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19
Q

Terminal nerve (0)

A

contains somatic sensory axons from part of the nasal region

  • very thin
  • in tetrapods, it incorporates into V
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20
Q

Olfactory nerve (I)

A

consists of axons from the olfactory epithelium (nasal passages) to the olfactory bulbs

  • very shory
  • occur where the olfactory bulb comes into contact with olfactory epithelium
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21
Q

Epithalamus

A

the dorsal roof of the diencephalon

-includes the tela choroidea, plus pineal glans, and parapineal

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22
Q

Tela choroidea

A

the very thin dorsal roof of the neural canal of parts of the diencephalon, metacephalon, and myelencephalon
-covered by the choroid plexus, a network of blood vessels

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23
Q

Pineal gland

A

an outpocketing of the epithalamus that excretes melatonin in response to light levels

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24
Q

Parapineal

A

an accessory light-sensitive organ located cranial to the epiphysis

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25
Q

Thalamus

A

the lateral wall of the diencephalon

-relaying & filtering input to the telencephalon from other parts of the nervous system

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26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ventral part of the diencephalon

-control of visceral motor systems and hormone secretion

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27
Q

Pituitary gland

A

pulls off when the brain is removed; posterior and anterior

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28
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

a ventral outpocketing of the hypothalamus

29
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

a dorsal outpocketing of the stomodeum

30
Q

Tectum

A

the dorsal part of the mesencephalon

  • the main “decision center”
  • Receives sensory input from all parts of the body and initiates somatic motor output via the tegmentum
31
Q

Tegmentum

A

the ventral part of the mesencephalon

-control of visceral and somatic motor systmes

32
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III)

A

the main nerve of the eye muscles

  • focus the eye and adjust the pupil
  • innervates the intrinsic muscles plus 4 of the 6 extrinsic muscles that rotate the eye
33
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV)

A

supplices motor innervation to the superior oblique muscle (an extrinsic eye muscle)

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

a dorsal outpocketing of the metencephalon

-functions as motor coordination and balancing

35
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

a general term for the hindbrain (met & my) excluding cerebellum

36
Q

Nerves V, VIII, IX, X

A

dorsal cranial nerves

-carry sensory, branchiomeric motor, and visceral motor (parasympathetic) axons

37
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V)

A

Dorsal cranial nerve in branchial arch 1

  • most anterior of the dorsal cranial nerve
  • 3 branches: Superficial opthalmic, Infraorbital, Mandibular
  • -upper face, upper jaw, & lower jaw
38
Q

Nerve VIII

A

Dorsal cranial nerve in branchial arch 2

39
Q

Nerve X

A

Dorsal cranial nerve in branchial arches 4-6 (and 7 if present)

  • Parasympathetic to salivary glands & thorax organs (incl. heart)
  • run along the side of the met & myel
40
Q

abducens nerve (VI)

A

supplies motor innervation to the lateral rectus muscle (an extrinsic eye muscle)

41
Q

Superficial ophthalmic branch

A

a branch of nerve V

-sensory from the dorsal part of the snout

42
Q

Infraorbital branch

A

a branch of nerve V

-sensory to the ventral part of the snout (overlying the upper jaw)

43
Q

Mandibular branch

A

a branch of nerve V
-sensory from the lower jaw, plus motor to the branchiomeric muscles of the 1st branchial arch (mandibular adductor, 1st branchial constrictor, etc)

44
Q

Hypobranchial nerve

A

formed by hypaxial rami of spinal nerves at the cranial end of the spinal cord
-in tetrapods this part of the spinal cord is incorporated into the brains, so that the hypobranchial nerve becomes cranial nerve

45
Q

Metencephalon

A

located behind the mesencephalon and in front of the myelencephalon

  • Cranial to the otic vesicle
  • contains nerves V, VII & VIII
46
Q

Myelencephalon

A

last part of the hindbrain

-contains nerves IX & X

47
Q

Ganglion of VII & VIII

A

located cranial to the otic vesicle

-VII is the sensory from face, mouth, pharynx, taste buds, and ears. Runs along met & myel

48
Q

Ganglion IX & X

A

located caudal to the otic vesicle

49
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the brain & spinal cord

50
Q

Palatoquadrate cartilage

A

cartilage of the upper 1st arch

51
Q

Meckel’s cartilage

A

cartilage of the lower 1st arch

52
Q

Glossopharyngeal n.

A

IX
3rd branchial arch
-Branchiomeric motor to facial muscles & larynx
-along met & myel

53
Q

Facial n.

A

VIII
2nd branchial arch
-Develops from a branch of VII to the region of the epidermis that forms the otic placode

54
Q

Vagus n.

A

X

4th branchial arch

55
Q

Neuromeres

A

segments of the hindbrain (met & myel)

56
Q

gyri

A

folds of cortex

57
Q

sulci

A

grooves between cortex folds

58
Q

superior and inferior colliculi

A

make up the tectum in mammals

  • unconsciour reflexes such as focusing the eyes, tracking movement, turning head toward sounds
  • superior = visual
  • inferior = auditory
59
Q

Descending tracts

A

collections of axons that carry motor signals down from specific parts of the brain to the spinal cord
-cover the ventral surface of the brain in mammals

60
Q

Pyramids

A

Descending tracts that cover the ventral surface of the hindbrain
-in mammals, these tracts connect the motor cortex of the telencephalon directly to somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord

61
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Descending tracts that cover the ventral surface of the mesencephalon
-the tegmentum is located deep inside

62
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Branchiomeric motor to trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, & levator scapulae muscles
-develops from a motor branch of X, in tetrapods only

63
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Somatic motor in tongue muscles

  • Occurs in tetrapods only
  • Corresponds to hypaxial rami of the first few spinal nerves in fist
  • Innervates hypobranchial muscles that form the tongue in tetrapods
64
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a thick band of white matter than consists of axons connecting the left and right cerebral cortex

65
Q

Fornix

A

a tract that carries signals from the hippocamupus to the mammillary body (in the hypothalamus)
-part of the loop of the limbic system

66
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • a general term for most of the metencephalon and myelencephalon, excepts for the pons and cerebellum
  • dorsally the tracts relay sensory signals upward from spinal cord to brain
  • ventrally the medulla oblongata consists of nuclei involved in motor control of internal organs and tracts that relay motor signals downward from the forebrain and midbrain
67
Q

Cortical tracts

A

include association fibers, commissural fiber, and projection fibers that connect different areas of the cerebral cortex
-form a thick layer of white matter that underlies the cerebral cortex

68
Q

Basal nuclei

A

develop from the ventral part of the telencephalon

-relay signals from the cerebral cortex to other areas of the cerebral cortex and to motor nuclei of the mid & hindbrain

69
Q

limbic system

A

parts of the hippocampus, the hypothalamus (mammillary body) and the thalamus

Biology (11 decks)

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