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Zoology > Vertebrate Biology > Flashcards

Vertebrate Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Monophyletic

A

CA + all descendants

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2
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Doesn’t include CA of all groups

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3
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Group descended from CA but doesn’t include all descendant groups

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4
Q

Chordate features

A
  1. Dorsal notochord
  2. Dorsal nerve chord
  3. Bilateral symmetry
  4. Pharyngeal slits
  5. Endostyle
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5
Q

Lower vertebrates

A
  1. Jawless fish
  2. Chondrichthyes
  3. Osteichthyes
  4. Lissamphibia
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6
Q

Higher vertebrates

A

Amniotes:

  1. Testudines
  2. Lepidosauria
  3. Crocodilia
  4. Aves
  5. Mammalia
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7
Q

Vertebrate features

A
  1. Postanal tail
  2. Pharyngeal pouches
  3. Vertebral column
  4. Anterior brain
  5. Craniates
  6. Closed circulatory circuits
  7. W-shaped myomeres
  8. Organ systems
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8
Q

Dorsal fin

A

Anti-roll stabilising

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9
Q

Pectoral fin

A

Steering + lift

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10
Q

Pelvic fin

A

Stabilisers

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11
Q

Caudal fin

A

Thrust

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12
Q

Types of lift

A
  1. Dynamic

2. Static

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13
Q

Chondrichthyes osmoregulatory adaptations

A
  1. Isotonic
  2. High urea and TMAO concentration
  3. Large glomeruli
  4. Rectal gland
  5. Low ion and urea permeability in gills
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14
Q

Scale types

A
  1. Placoid
  2. Cosmoid
  3. Ganoid
  4. Ctenoid
  5. Cycloid
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15
Q

Gas bladder connections

A
  1. Physostomus

2. Physoclistous

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16
Q

Fish body locomotion

A
  1. Anguilliform
  2. Carangiform
  3. Subcarangiform
  4. Thunniform
  5. Ostraciforms
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17
Q

Fish fin locomotion

A
  1. Tetraodontiform
  2. Labriforms
  3. Amiiform
  4. Gymnotiform
  5. Balistiform
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18
Q

Types of drag

A
  1. Viscous

2. Inertial

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20
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Electroreceptors

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21
Q

Lateral line

A

Mechanical system

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36
Q

Anguilliform

A

Whole body movements

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37
Q

Subcarangiform

A

Tail and posterior sides

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38
Q

Amphibian teeth

A

Pedicellate

= crown, uncalcified mid section + dentine base

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39
Q

Amphibian Skin glands

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Granular
    3 Hedonic (some males)
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40
Q

Amphibian Sound detection

A
  1. Basilar papilla: 1200-1600Hz

2. Amphibian papilla: 200-800Hz

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41
Q

Carangiform

A

More oscillating than sub

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42
Q

Amphibian Skin pigments

A
  1. Melanophores - Black,Brown, red
  2. Iridophores - reflect light
  3. Xanthophores - yellow, orange, red
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43
Q

Thunniform

A

Only tail

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44
Q

Ostraciform

A

Tail movement as body rigid

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45
Q

Tetraodontiformes

A

Dorsal and anal fins

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46
Q

Labriforms

A

Pectoral fins

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47
Q

Amiiform

A

Dorsal fin undulations

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48
Q

Gymnotiform

A

Anal fin undulations

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49
Q

Balistiforms

A

Anal and dorsal fin undulations

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50
Q

Tetrapod ancestor

A

Elpistostegid

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51
Q

Closest tetrapod relative

A

Tiktaalik = Devonian fossil

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52
Q

Acanthostega

A

Late Devonian (360 mya) stem tetrapod

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53
Q

Ichthyostega

A

Late Devonian (360 mya) Atem tetrapod

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54
Q

Terrestrialisation adaptations

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Zygapophyses
  3. Lungs
  4. Kidneys
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55
Q

Temnospondyls

A

Stem lissamphibians (modern amphibia sister group) until early Cretaceous (130 mya)

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56
Q

Amphibian respiration

A

Buccalpharyngeal pumping forces air in via positive pressure

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57
Q

Amphibian adult photoreceptors

A

Rods:

  1. Red detect green
  2. Green detect blue
  3. Purple detect UV (only larval and aquatic)

Cones:

  1. Single detect yellow
  2. Double
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58
Q

Snake fangs

A
  1. Opisthoglyphous =rear fanged
  2. Proteroglyphous = permanently erect
  3. Solenoglyphous = rotate via pterygoid movement
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59
Q

Flexible paedomorphosis in mole salamanders:

A
  1. Isotypic

2. Paedotypic

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60
Q

Anuran skeletal modifications

A
  1. Reduced vertebral column
  2. Strong zygapophyses
  3. Fused vertebrae
  4. Large leg muscle attachment points
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61
Q

Anuran breeding types

A
  1. Explosive

2. Prolonged

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62
Q

Gymnophiona characteristics

A
  1. Legless
  2. Short tails
  3. Reduced eyes
  4. Dermal scales
  5. Annuli
  6. Protrusible tentacles
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63
Q

Amniotic traits (370mya)

A
  1. Keratinised skin
  2. Kidneys excrete concentrated urine
  3. Coastal lung ventilation
  4. Intrinsic muscles
  5. Teeth
  6. Amniotic egg
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64
Q

Amniotic egg embryonic membranes

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Chorion
  3. Yolk sac
  4. Allantois
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65
Q

Skull morphology

A
  1. Anapsid
  2. Synapsid
  3. Diapsid
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66
Q

Reptilia

A

Carboniferous = 360-290mya

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67
Q

Saurischia

A

Rotate pubis anteriorly

  1. Sauropodomorphs
  2. Theropods
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68
Q

Ornithischia

A

Rotate pubis posteriorly

Main lineages:

  1. Armoured
  2. Horned
  3. Duck-billed
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69
Q

Key testudinian features

A
  1. B-keratin Shell:
    - Carapace (top)
    - Plastron (underneath)
  2. Vertebral column and ribs fused to carapace
  3. Static lungs
  4. Diaphragmatic ventilation
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70
Q

Testudines respiratory methods

A
  1. Pharyngeal
  2. Hydrostatic H2O pressure
  3. Cloacal
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71
Q

Testudines

A
  1. Cryptodires - vertical

2. Pleurodires - horizontal

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72
Q

Snake specialisations

A
  1. Fossorial (ancestral?)
  2. Epigean
  3. Aquatic
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73
Q

Snake locomotion

A
  1. Lateral undulations
  2. Rectilinear
  3. Concertina
  4. Sidewinding
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74
Q

Squamate sex determination

A
  1. Genotypic
  2. Temperature
  3. Behavioural
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75
Q

Squamata thermoregulation

A
  1. Morphological
  2. Behavioural
  3. Physiological
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76
Q

Bird- reptile similarities

A
  1. Occipital condyl
  2. 1 middle ear bone
  3. Nucleated erythrocytes
  4. Heterogametic females
  5. Jointed hind limbs at tarsal bones
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77
Q

Bird - mammal differences

A
  1. Mammals have 3 middle ear bones
  2. Mammals have non-nucleated erythrocytes
  3. Male mammals are heterogametic
  4. Mammals have jointed hind limbs between tibia and tarsi
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78
Q

Theories of bird origin

A
  1. Thecodont

2. Theropod

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79
Q

Bird wing features

A
  1. Airfoil shape
  2. Angle of attack
  3. Slotting
  4. Alula
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80
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Bipedal reptile with both reptilian and bird features

Semi arboreal

81
Q

Sinornis

A

Early Cretaceous

Intermediate between Archaeopteryx and modern bird features

82
Q

Confusciornis

A

Late Jurassic/ early Cretaceous

Modern beak but no keel

83
Q

Sinornithosaurus

A

Dinosaur

Flight pre-requisites but not feathers

84
Q

Unenlagia

A

Late Cretaceous

Half bird

85
Q

Sinosaurapteryx

A

Proto-feathers and melanosomes

86
Q

Protoarchaeopteryx

A

Late Jurassic/ early Cretaceous therapod

87
Q

Caudipteryx

A

Late Jurassic/ early Cretaceous coelurosaur therapod

Remiges and retrices but no flight

88
Q

Basal tyrannosaurid

A

Early Cretaceous

Protofeathers

89
Q

Epidexipteryx

A

New basal avian?

90
Q

Bird features

A
  1. Furcula
  2. Sideways flexing wrists
  3. Feathers
  4. Keel
  5. Nesting behaviour
  6. Hollow bones
  7. Rapid growth rates - cartilage discs
91
Q

Avian wing structure

A
  1. 2 vs 10 free carpals
  2. 3 hand digits = equivalent to mammal 2,3,4 but same mesenchymal condensations
  3. Fused hand and finger bones
92
Q

Progenesis

A

Last structured to develop are lost first

Eg digit reduction of 1 and 5

93
Q

Flight theories

A
  1. Arboreal - parachuting/ gliding
  2. Cursorial - jumping
  3. Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR)
  4. Ontogenetic Transitional Wing (OTW) (Dial et al.)
94
Q

Bird aerodynamics

A
  1. Net lift due to differences in distance travelled by air over feathers
  2. Laminar flow
  3. Minimise turbulence
  4. Increase wing curvature but too steep = turbulence
  5. Stall if AOA too steep
95
Q

Drag

A
  1. Profile

2. Induced

96
Q

Flight adaptations

A
  1. Pneumatic bones
  2. Toothless bill
  3. Feathers - symmetrically and asymmetrically vaned. Remiges and rectrices
  4. Deep keel
  5. Rigid thorax
  6. Pectoral girdle forms triangular strut system
  7. Wings: powerful tendons, flexibility, large joint surface
97
Q

Bird wings

A
  1. Primary feathers

2. Secondary feathers

98
Q

Primary feathers

A

Generate thrust on downstroke
Over hand
Friction barbules

99
Q

Secondary feathers

A

Generate lift

Attached over ulna, radius and humerus

100
Q

Bird muscles

A
  1. Pectoralis - thrust generator kn downward stroke
  2. Supracoracoideus- take off and pulls wing up for recovery stroke
  3. Dorsal elevator muscles
101
Q

Bird wing shape

A
  1. Elliptical
  2. High speed
  3. High aspect ratio (active soaring)
  4. Slotted high lift (passive soaring)
  5. Hovering
102
Q

Flight without flapping

A
  1. Gliding

2. Soaring

103
Q

Soaring

A
  1. Static - thermals or obstruction currents

2. Dynamic

104
Q

Flapping flight

A
  1. Flap-gliding

2. Flap-bounding

105
Q

Static aerodynamics

A

Total lift for each part of the flap cycle

106
Q

Ratites

A

Flightless birds
Raft-like sternum
Palaeognathous palate

107
Q

Carinates

A

Keeled sternum

Neognathous palate

108
Q

Pelycosaur features

A

Late Carboniferous/ early Permian mammal

  1. Primitive heterodonty
  2. Parasagittal gait
  3. Dorsal sail with elongated neural spines
  4. Parietal foramen
109
Q

Therapsid features

A

Late Permian mammal

  1. More upright stance
  2. Rib reduction
  3. Larger temporal fenestra
  4. Differentiated teeth
110
Q

Cynodont features

A
  1. Lumbar ribs lost
  2. Diaphragm
  3. Secondary hard palate
  4. Enhanced thermoregulation
  5. More heterodonty
  6. Zygomatic arch
  7. Sagittal crest
  8. Reduced articular-Quadrate jaw
111
Q

Tinamous

A

Palaegnathous

Keeled sternum

112
Q

Bird feather composition

A

Beta-keratin
Melanin
Carotenoid pigments

113
Q

Feather types

A

Neossoptiles:

  1. Down = insulation
  2. Powder down

Teleoptiles:

  1. Contour
  2. Bristle = sensory and protection
  3. Filoplume = Monitor movement and position via receptors
  4. Semiplume = Insulation and courtship
  5. Flight = retrices and remiges
114
Q

Feather arrangement

A
  1. Pterylae

2. Apteryia

115
Q

Uropygial glands

A

At tail base
Aka preen gland
Secretes oils

116
Q

Feather development

A

Dermal condensation
Support system - reabsorbed by follicles at the end
Anchored in follicle
Apoptosis

117
Q

Feather evolution

A
  1. Scale elongation
  2. Rachis development
  3. Vane differentiation into barbs
  4. Barbules and barbicels
118
Q

Moulting types

A
  1. Ptilopaedic

2. Psilopaedic

119
Q

Key bird life events

A
  1. Breeding
  2. Moulting
  3. Migration
120
Q

Migrant types

A
  1. True

2. Partial

121
Q

Navigational cues

A
  1. Innate vector orientation
  2. Solar
  3. Landmarks
  4. Stellar/ lunar compass
  5. Olfaction
  6. Magnetic compass
  7. Genetic
122
Q

Bird respiratory adaptations

A
  1. Air sacs
  2. Aerodynamic valving
  3. Rigid lungs
  4. Continuous unidirectional airflow
  5. Cross current exchange: air and blood via arterioles
  6. Counter current exchange: blood and air at organ level
123
Q

Bird thermoregulatory Methods

A
  1. Downy feather presence/ absence
  2. Feather colour
  3. Blood flow to feet
  4. Arteriovenous shunt
124
Q

Types of bird young

A
  1. Precocial
  2. Semi-precocial
  3. Semi-altricial
  4. Altricial
125
Q

Mammalian characteristics

A
  1. Mammary glands
  2. Synapsid skull
  3. Hair
  4. Heterodonty
  5. Dentary- squamosal jaw articulation
  6. 3 middle ear bones
  7. Enamelled teeth
  8. Placenta
  9. Tribosphenic cheek teeth and occlusion
126
Q

Why did endothermy evolve?

A

Sustain increased locomotion and metabolic rates

127
Q

What does the haderian gland do in mammals?

A

Produce waterproofing oil for hair. Gland is by the eye

128
Q

Mammalian teeth features

A
  1. Crown
  2. Base
  3. Dentine
  4. Pulp
  5. Cement
  6. Enamel
129
Q

Dental formula

A

Incisor: canine: premolar: molar

130
Q

Types of mammalian cheek teeth

A
  1. Bunodont
  2. Lophodont
  3. Hypselodont
  4. Polyphyodont
  5. Hypsodont
  6. Selenodont
  7. Sectorial
131
Q

Types of fermenters

A
  1. Foregut

2. Hindgut

132
Q

Characteristics of antlers

A
  1. Live tissue - require blood and have nerves
  2. Shed annunally
  3. Males
  4. Skull extension - outgrowth of frontal bone
  5. Lobes - tines
133
Q

Characteristics of horns

A
  1. Both sexes
  2. Outgrowth of frontal bone
  3. Bone and keratin
  4. No lobes
134
Q

Stance types

A
  1. Plantigrade
  2. Digitigrade
  3. Unguligrade
  4. Graviportal
135
Q

Types of unguligrade

A
  1. Perissodactyla ie odd toed

2. Artiodactyla ie even toed

136
Q

Fossorial types

A
  1. Rapid scratch diggers
  2. Rotation thrust diggers
  3. Chisel tooth diggers
137
Q

Mammalian Locomotor types

A
  1. Cursorial
  2. Fossorial
  3. Arboreal
  4. Volant
  5. Amphibious
  6. Aquatic
138
Q

Types of mammalian distribution

A
  1. Vicariance

2. Dispersal

139
Q

Great American Biotic Interchange

A

When the America’s rejoin 2.5mya via Panamanian isthmus enabling movement between N and S America of marsupials and placentals

140
Q

Ecomorphological equivalence

A

Independently derived features that are anatomically different but functionally similar

141
Q

Types of cladistics

A
  1. Morphological - form and function

2. Molecular - mtDNA

142
Q

Homology

A

Similar characteristics due to a CA

143
Q

Homoplasy

A

Similar characteristics but not because of a CA eg convergent evolution

144
Q

Mammalian convergent evolution

A
  1. Monotreme and marsupial pouches
  2. Dietary and niche specialisations
  3. Amphibious forms and adaptations
  4. Marsupial and placental placenta
  5. Marsupial and placental astragalus bone
  6. Heterodonty
  7. Placental herbivores and cursorial locomotion
  8. Placental echolocation
145
Q

Monotreme features

A
  1. Non therians
  2. Lay eggs and incubate externally
  3. Mammary hairs
  4. Cheek teeth replaced by bill
  5. Internal testes
  6. Single hole - cloaca
146
Q

Marsupial features

A
  1. Therians
  2. Viviparous
  3. Nipples and mammary hairs
  4. Tribosphenic molars - monophyodont
  5. No sclerotic cartilage
  6. Separate anus and urogenital sinus
  7. Testes outside body wall
  8. Paired virginae and bifid penis
  9. Choriovitelline placenta
  10. No tympanic bulla
147
Q

Placentals features

A
  1. Therians
  2. Viviparous
  3. Nipples but no mammary hairs
  4. Tribosphenic molars - diphyodont
  5. No sclerotic cartilage
  6. Chorioallantoic placenta
  7. Medial vagina and simple penis
148
Q

Types of placenta

A
  1. Choriovitelline

2. Chrorioallantoic

149
Q

General marine mammal adaptations

A
  1. Morphological eg paddle like limbs, elongated phalanges, vestigial hindlimb, no zygapophyses
  2. Blubber/ fur
  3. Positively charged myoglobin
  4. Countercurrent heat exchangers
  5. Remove salt from food and don’t drink sea water
150
Q

Mysticeti families

A
  1. Balaenidae
  2. Neobalaenidae
  3. Balaenopteridae (roquals)
  4. Eschrichtiidae
151
Q

Odontoceti families

A
  1. Delphinidae

2. Phocoenidae

152
Q

Humpback whale groups

A
  1. Female, calf + escort

2. Bachelor herds

153
Q

Advantages of large group sizes

A
  1. Dilution effect
  2. Group attack
  3. Reduced individual vigilance time
  4. Mates
  5. Cooperative foraging
154
Q

Disadvantages of large group sizes

A
  1. Competition
  2. Inbreeding
  3. Disease
155
Q

Phocidae species

A
  1. Monk - Hawaiian, Mediterranean
  2. Antarctic - Ross, Leopard, Crabeater, Weddell
  3. Elephant - N and S
  4. Northern Hemisphere - 10 species
156
Q

Otariidae species

A
  1. Fur seals - 10 species

2. Sea lions - 5 species

157
Q

Odobenidae

158
Q

Definition of lango

A

Otariid baby fur

159
Q

What is chorionic gonadotropin and what does it do?

A

A placental hormone which blocks ovulation and maintains pregnancy in Pinnipeds

160
Q

Foraging issues faced by marine mammals

A
  1. Navigation - “featureless”
  2. 3D prey distribution - often uneven
  3. Environmental factors
  4. Physiology
161
Q

Marine environmental features

A
  1. Oceanography
  2. Surface circulation - gyres and wind patterns
  3. Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
  4. Coastal Upwelling
  5. Bathymetry
  6. Fronts
  7. Eddies
  8. Sea Surface Temperature (ENSO)
162
Q

Foraging behaviour factors

A
  1. Prey species
  2. Bathymetry
  3. Time of day
  4. Time of year
  5. Physical condition
  6. Diel prey migration
163
Q

Marine mammal dentition

A
  1. Piercing
  2. Spikes
  3. Cage-like
  4. Conical
164
Q

Foraging strategies

A
  1. Mesopelagic
  2. Benthic
  3. Epipelagic
165
Q

Dive shapes

A
  1. Soft square
  2. V/U
  3. Hard square
  4. Skewed right
  5. Skewed left
166
Q

Elephant seal dive types

A
  1. Foraging
  2. Processing
  3. Travelling
167
Q

O2 stores for diving mammals

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Blood
  3. Muscle
168
Q

Deep diver adaptations

A
  1. Haematocrit
  2. O2 more loosely bound to haemoglobin
  3. Greater blood volume
  4. Enlarged spleen with O2-rbc
  5. Sphincter for gradual O2-blood distribution
  6. Hepatic sinus
  7. Increased body size
  8. Larger O2 stores
  9. Reduced metabolic rate
169
Q

Hypometabolism techniques

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Increased hypoxia tolerance
  3. Bradycardia
170
Q

Diving response characteristics

A
  1. Increased anaerobic reliance
  2. Reduced metabolic rate
  3. Reduced cardiac output
171
Q

Processing lactate

A
  1. Oxidise at surface
  2. Recycle to glucose at surface
  3. Oxidise during subsequent dives
  4. Recycle during dives
172
Q

Desert adaptations

A
  1. Furred feet
  2. Water conservation
  3. Concentrated urine
173
Q

Defence mechanisms

A
  1. Spikes
  2. Horns
  3. Hiss-puff
  4. Stripes
  5. Warts
174
Q

Scansorial adaptations

A
  1. Hindfeet point straight back
  2. Prehensile tail
  3. Textured footpads
  4. Shortened limbs
175
Q

Water-based adaptations

A
  1. Webbed feet
  2. Elongated lungs
  3. Valvular eyes and nostrils
  4. Fur
  5. Paddle-like tail
  6. Large body mass
  7. Nictating membranes
  8. Vibrissae
  9. Reduced olfaction (marine mammals)
176
Q

Dietary/ feeding adaptations

A
  1. Mandibular fossa
  2. Echolocation
  3. Cheek pouches
  4. gape-limited predator
  5. tweezer-like teeth
  6. tool usage
  7. Locking jaws

Zoology (5 decks)

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