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Anatomy 1 > Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord and Back > Flashcards

Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord and Back Flashcards

1
Q

Main Function of the Vertebral column

A

Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves
Supports weight of the upper body
Partly rigid and flexible posture and locomotion

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2
Q

Vertebral column is made up of?

A

Extends from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx

Main part of the axial skeleton
articulated bones of the cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Presacral vertebral column is flexible in part to intervertebral discs

33 total vertebrae

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3
Q

Name 4 curvatures that provide flexibility to the spine

A

Cervical curvature concave posteriorly (natural lordosis)

Thoracic curvature concave anteriorly (natural kyphosis)

Lumbar curvature concave posteriorly (natural lordosis)

Sacral curvature concave anteriorly (natural kyphosis)

Not as profound in females so that the coccyx protrudes less into the pelvic outlet (birth canal)

High” Curves C5, L3
“Low” Curves T5, S2

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4
Q

Saddle block is used for what kind of block

A

Sacral plexus block

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5
Q

What is Excessive thoracic kyphosis

A

Erosion and collapse of vertebrae- osteoporosis

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6
Q

What is Excessive lumbar lordosis

A

Weakened trunk musculature

Temporary in late pregnancy

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7
Q

What is Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature with rotation of the vertebrae
Asymmetric weakness of intrinsic back muscles, failure of half of the vertebra to develop or difference in lower limb length(Causes)

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8
Q

Vertebral body:

A

Strengthen vertebral column
Increases as move inferiorly
Bigger as move down

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9
Q

Vertebral arch components

A

Formed by the 2pedicles and 2laminae

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10
Q

Pedicles (2):

A

Short processes that join vertebral arch to vertebral body

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11
Q

Laminae

A

Join with pedicles and meet in the midline to complete arch

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12
Q

Vertebrae Structure and Function Continued

A

rtebral foramen the big hole
Formed by the arch and body
Provides passage way for spinal cord, meninges, fat, spinal nerve roots and vessels
Articulating facets (2 superior and 2 inferior):
With adjacent vertebrae form the Intervertebral Foramina which give passage to spinal nerve roots and vessels
Spinous process:
Projects posteriorly
Provides attachment for deep back muscles
Transverse process (2):
Projects posterolateral
Provides attachment for deep back muscles

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13
Q

Vertebral foramen the big hole

A

Formed by the arch and body

Provides passage way for spinal cord, meninges, fat, spinal nerve roots and vessels

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14
Q

Articulating facets (2 superior and 2 inferior):

A

With adjacent vertebrae form the Intervertebral Foramina which give passage to spinal nerve roots and vessels

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15
Q

Spinous process:

A

Projects posteriorly

Provides attachment for deep

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16
Q 
Transverse process (2)
components and function
A

Projects posterolateral

Provides attachment for deep back muscles

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17
Q

Atlas (C1)

A

Ring-like
No spinous process or body
Two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches
Concave superior articular facets form atlanto-occipital joint with occipital condyle
Articular facet for the dens (odontoid process) of C2

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18
Q

Axis (C2)

A

Strongest cervical vertebra

Dens- projects superiorly from body and provides a pivot for atlas to turn

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19
Q

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

A

Small body
Large vertebral foramen
Transverse processes contain foramen (foramina transversarium) which allow vertebral arteries, vertebral veins and sympathetic plexuses to pass
Absent in C7

Spinous process of C3-C5 short and bifid(2 points) increases surface area

Spinous process of C7 is long- vertebra prominens,,,,the one that sticks out

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20
Q

Thoracic vertebrae and components

A

Body contain one or two bilateral costal facets for articulation with head of rib…larger

Smaller vertebral foramen compared to cervical and lumbar regions

Transverse processes are long and strong
Length diminishes from T1-T12

T1-T10 contain costal facets for articulation with tubercle of corresponding rib

Spinous process slopes significantly postero-inferiorly, overlapping sub adjacent vertebral body

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21
Q

Rib is named in relationship to what?

A

Spinous process it attaches to.

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22
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

A

Massive body

Vertebral foramen larger than thoracic but smaller than cervical

Short and sturdy hatchet-shaped spinous process

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23
Q

Sacrum and Coccyx

A

Sacrum:
Five fused, originally separate, vertebrae
Sacral cornu
Important landmark for identifying sacral hiatus
Sacral hiatus
Allows filum terminale of the spinal cord to pass and attach to the coccyx
Results from the absence of laminae and spinous process of the S4-S5 vertebrae
Allows for placement of caudal anesthetic into epidural space
Coccyx
Four fused vertebra

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24
Q

C7 spinous process is called?

A

C7 spinous process is the vertebra prominens..sticks out

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25
Q

Scapular spine correspond to?

A

Scapular spine corresponds to T3

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26
Q

Inferior angle of scapula corresponds

A

with T7 spinous process

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27
Q

Last rib corresponds with

A

T12 spinous process

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28
Q

Iliac crest- Tuffier’s line corresponds with?

A

L4 spinous process

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29
Q

PSIS corresponds to

A

S2 spinous process

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30
Q

Ligaments and functions

A

This is to stabilize the vertebral column

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31
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Strong, median ligament of the neck
Extends from the occipital protuberance and posterior border of the foramen magnum to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
Acts as a point of muscle attachment from C3-C5

32
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Runs along the spinous process from C5 to sacrum after merging superiorly with the nuchal ligament

33
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

Stabilizes and unites adjacent spinous processes

Weak and membranous, runs entire length of vertebral column.

34
Q

Ligamentum flava/ flavum

A

Broad, tough, pale, yellow, wedge shaped elastic fibrous tissue…lamina to lamina
Adjoins laminae of adjacent vertebral arches, forming alternating sections of the posterior wall of the vertebral canal. Runs C2 to sacrum. Thickest at the midline at L3

35
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Narrow, weaker band

Runs within vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of vertebral bodies from C2 to the sacrum

36
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Strong broad fibrous band
Covers vertebral bodies and IV discs
Runs from pelvic surface of the sacrum to anterior tubercle of C1 (atlas) and occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum

37
Q

Spinal cord Location anatomically

A

Major reflex center and conduction pathway between the body and the brain
Begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata (caudal part of the brainstem)
Ends in the conus medullaris, in most adults this corresponds with L1 (T12-L3)

This is where u place ur spinal below the level of L1

38
Q

Cervical enlargement of the spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement extends from C4-T1, anterior rami of these spinal nerves form the brachial plexus that innervate the upper extremity (see upper extremity lecture)

39
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord

A

Lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement extends from L1-S3 segments of the spinal cord, anterior rami of this region

provides the lumbar and sacral plexuses of nerves for the lower extremities (see lower extremity lecture)

40
Q

Dural sac is created by?

A

the dura and arachnoid meninges (not pia) continue past the spinal cord to create the dural sac
ends at the level of S2, corresponds with PSIS

41
Q

From the inferior end of the conus medullaris, the filum terminale internum(pia matter) continues to become?

A

filum terminale externum

Filum terminale internum is the continuation of the PIA mater

Filum terminale externum passes through the sacral hiatus and attaches to the coccyx posteriorly to anchor the spinal cord and dural sac
Filum terminale externum contains dura, arachnoid AND pia mater

42
Q

Location of the spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical
C1 emerges between skull and C1 vertebra

C2-C7 emerge superior to corresponding pedicles

C8 and below emerge inferior to corresponding pedicles

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

Lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots are the longest since spinal cord ends high in the vertebral column

Results in a bundle of spinal nerve roots in the lumbar cistern of the subarachnoid space caudal to the termination of the spinal cord- referred to as the cauda equina

C1 –c8 comes out of the corresponding main vertebra

43
Q

What are the components of the spinal nerve

A

Gray Matter
White Matter

Multiple rootlets attach to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the spinal cord and converge to form the posterior and anterior roots of the spinal nerve

44
Q

Components of grey matter

A

Internally it is a butterfly shaped

Unmyelinated Interneurons and cell body

45
Q

Components of White Matter

A

Surrounds the Gray matter

Myelinated nerve cells/axons

46
Q

Posterior root (dorsal root)

A

carries afferent sensory information from periphery (skin/deep tissues/viscera) to CNS

Cell bodies of the dorsal root are located outside of the spinal cord at the dorsal root ganglion

47
Q

Anterior root (ventral root)

A

carries efferent motor and autonomic signals from the CNS to periphery
Cell bodies of the ventral root are located inside the anterior horns of the gray matter

48
Q

What forms the spinal nerve

A

The posterior and anterior roots unite to form a spinal nerve,

49
Q

Spinal nerve exits the exits the spinal canal through

A

intervertebral foramen

50
Q

Spinal nerve divides into 2 nerves namely?

A 
The (Dorsal)posterior Primary Rami
The Ventral(Anterior) Primary Rami
51
Q

What is the Function of the dorsal(posterior) Rami

A

supply the deep muscles of the back and skin

Posture muscle

52
Q

What is the Function of the Ventral Rami

A

supply muscles, joints, and skin of the limbs and remainder of the trunk

53
Q

Where does the Dural Sac end

A

S2

54
Q

What is the function of the meninges

A

Surround, support, and protects the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

55
Q

What is the meninges made up of

A

Dura mater: tough, fibrous outermost covering
Separated from the vertebrae by the epidural space
Highly vascularized
Forms the spinal dural sac, which ends at S2

Arachnoid mater: delicate, avascular membrane
lines the dural sac, is not attached to dura but is pressed against the dura due to cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Encloses the subarachnoid space which contains CSF, spinal nerve roots, and spinal ganglia

Pia mater: innermost covering membrane
Directly covers the spinal cord, roots of the spinal nerves and spinal blood vessels

Denticulate ligament- extensions that help anchor spinal cord centrally….no wiggling
Continues as the filum terminale (internum)

56
Q

Where is the CSF in the spine

A

Sub arachnoid space is csf……pushes dura against arachnoid

57
Q

What location does the spinal work in

A

Spinal Roots

58
Q

where does the Three longitudinal arteries supply blood to?

A

medulla of the brainstem to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

59
Q

One anterior spinal artery

supplies blood to

A

Arises from the union of branches of the vertebral arteries

Anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord Blood supply

60
Q

Two posterior spinal arteries

A

Arise from a branch of either the vertebral arteries or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Posterior one-third of the spinal cord

Posterior spinal cord has better continuity of blood supply than the anterior spinal cord

61
Q

Both anterior and posterior spinal arteries only supply what location

A

These three arteries run the entire length of the spinal cord but only supply the short superior part

62
Q

What arteries supply the spinal cord except the superior part

A

cervical, deep cervical, vertebral, posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries

Enter the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina

63
Q

What does the artery of
ADAMKIEWICZ(Great anterior segmental artery)
supply

A

Provides circulation to the inferior two thirds of the anterior spinal cord
Generally arises from T9-T12 on the left side of the aorta

Branch from segmental spinal artery

64
Q

Explain Spinal cord venous Drainage

A

Veins of corresponding names follow the arteries

Epidural space holds the internal vertebral venous plexus (Batson Plexus)
Provides alternative venous return to the heart when the inferior vena cava is compressed

Empty into the azygos vein or the hemiazygos vein which are located in the abdomen and thorax

65
Q

Serratus posterior Superior/Innervtion and function

Superficial respiratory muscles

A

2nd-5th intercostal nerves (anterior rami)

Proprioception for respiration

66
Q

Serratus posterior inferior
Inn/Function

Superficial respiratory muscles

A

9th-11th intercostal nerve (anterior rami)

Proprioception for respiration

67
Q

Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis

INN/ACT

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves and act to maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column

Laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles.
Extends head and neck together

68
Q

Longissimus
Spinalis
Illiocostalis

A

Bilaterally- extends vertebral column

Unilaterally- flexes vertebral column

69
Q

Components of Suboccipital triangle

A

Region is defined by four postural muscles of the head
Posterior ramus of C1 suboccipital nerve
Motor innervation

Posterior ramus of C2 greater occipital nerve (lies slightly lateral)
Sensory innervation

Posterior ramus of C3 third occipital nerve (lies medially)
Sensory innervation

XXXAnterior ramus of C2-C3 lesser occipital nerve (lies laterally)
Sensory innervation

Lies outside region of suboccipital triangle but included for completeness

70
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major

Inn/Act

A

Spinous process C2; occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Head posture

71
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor

INN/ACT

A

Posterior tubercle of C1; occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Head posture

72
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior

inn/ACt

A

Spinous process C2; transverse process of C1

Suboccipital nerve

Head posture

73
Q

Obliquus capitis superior

A

Transverse process of C1; occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Head posture

74
Q

Sensory Innervation of the Occipital Region and Head

A

Posterior ramus of C2 greater occipital nerve (lies slightly lateral)
Sensory innervation – occipital area
Posterior ramus of C3 third occipital nerve (lies medially)
Sensory innervation- occipital area
Anterior ramus of C2-C3 lesser occipital nerve (lies laterally)
Sensory innervation- posterior to auricle (ear)

75
Q

Dermatomes C4-T6

A

Posterior cutaneous branch of C4-T6

76
Q

Dermatomes T7-T12

A

Posterior Cutaneous Branches T7-T12

Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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