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Anatomy 1 > Cervical region,face neck,temporal and infratemporal > Flashcards

Cervical region,face neck,temporal and infratemporal Flashcards

1
Q

Hyoid bone components and function

A
  • Mobile
  • Level of C3
  • Greater and lesser cornu/horns
  • Serves as an attachment for anterior neck muscles and a prop to keep airway patent
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2
Q

Superficial cervical fascia components

A

Subcutaneous tissue of the neck between dermis and deep cervical fascia layer

contains the
Cutaneous nerves, blood and lymph vessels, fat

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3
Q

Platysma component,innervation, and function

A 
Thin, superficial muscle of facial expression
CN VII(Facial nerve)

Depresses mandible, tenses skin of inferior face and neck

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4
Q

Deep cervical Facia components and function

A

Three fascial layers
Investing
Pretracheal
Prevertebral
Allows for structures to smoothly slide past each other
Allows for separation of structures during surgery
Supports viscera, muscles, vessels and deep lymph nodes

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5
Q

Investing layer components and functions

A

Surrounds entire neck-deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Encloses sternocleidomastoid muscles and trapezius muscles

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6
Q

Pretracheal layer components and function

A

*Muscular part
Infrahyoid muscles

*Visceral part
Encloses thyroid gland/parathyroid, trachea, esophagus

*Carotid sheath
Common and internal carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Carotid sinus nerve (from the glossopharyngeal nerve)
Sympathetic fibers (carotid periarterial plexuses)- but NO cervical ganglion/trunk
Role with infections and extravasated blood

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7
Q

Prevertebral layer components

A

Tubular sheath for the vertebral column and the muscles associated with it
Longus colli, longus capitis
Scalenes
Deep cervical muscles

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8
Q

Retropharyngeal space components

A

Potential space between the visceral part of the prevertebral layer and the buccopharyngeal fascia
Permits movement of pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea relative to the vertebral column during swallowing
A major pathway for the spread of infection

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9
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)(Clavicle head and sternal head)

Function and innervation

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN IX) for motor; C2/C3 for pain/ proprioception.

Unilateral: laterally flexes neck turning face superiorly toward the opposite side; bilateral: extends neck at atlanto-occipital joints, flexes cervical vertebrae so chin approaches manubrium, or extends superior cervical vertebrae while flexing inferior vertebrae so chin is thrust forward with head keep level; assists in deep respiration

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10
Q

Occipitofrontalis innervation and function

A

Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of the forehead, muscle of facial expression

Facial nerve(CN7)

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11
Q

Hyoid Muscles function

A

Steady or move the hyoid bone and larynx, as a whole, either more cephalad or caudal

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12
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx

Suprahyoid Muscles

Mylohyoid function and innervation

A

branch of CN V3

Elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue with swallowing and speaking

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13
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx

Suprahyoid Muscles
Geniohyoid function and innervation

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Pulls hyoid anterosuperior; shortens floor of mouth; widens pharynx

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14
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx

SpraHyoid Muscles
Stylohyoid function and innervation

A

Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

Elevates and retracts hyoid, thus elongating floor of mouth

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15
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx

Suprahyoid Muscles
Digastric function and innervation

A

Anterior belly: nerve to mylohyoid, branch of CN V3
Posterior belly: digastric branch of facial nerve (CN VII

Working with infrahyoid muscles, depresses mandible; elevates and steadies hyoid with swallowing and speaking

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16
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx)
Infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid
Innervation and function

A

C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis

Depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing

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17
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx)
Infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid
Innervation and function

A

C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis

Depresses, retracts and steadies hyoid

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18
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx)
Infrahyoid muscles
sternothyoid
Innervation and function

A

C2 and C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis

Depresses hyoid and larynx

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19
Q

Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region(Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx)
Infrahyoid muscles
Thyrohyoid
Innervation and function

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve

Depresses hyoid and elevates larynx

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20
Q

Deep prevertebral muscles are?

A

ANterior scalene
Middle Scalene
Posterior Scalene

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21
Q

ANterior scalene Innervation and function

A

Cervical spinal nerves C4-C6/Flexes neck laterally; elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration

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22
Q

Middle scalene Inn and function

A

Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration

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23
Q

Posterior scalene Innervation and function

A

Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C7 and C8

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 2nd rib with forced inspiration

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24
Q

Temporalis and Massetter

Inn and func

A

Motor root of cranial nerve V3

Muscle of Mastication

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25
Q

what are the nerves on the lateral cervical region

A

Accessory Nerve (CN XI) and Cervical Plexus

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26
Q

Location and supplies of the CN XI

A

Deep to SCM as it supplies the muscle
Deep to the investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Deep to the trapezius and pierces the muscle

27
Q

Branches of the cervical plexus

A

Anterior rami of C1-C4
Cutaneous branches emerge posterior border of SCM
“Nerve point of the neck”

28
Q

What is the importance of the “Nerve point of the neck”

A

Cervical plexus block
Anesthesia to anterolateral neck, superolateral thoracic wall, and the scalp between the auricle and external occipital protuberance
Temporary paralysis to trapezius and +/- SCM

29
Q

Whats the Cervical plexus made up of?

A

Series of nerve loops from anterior rami of C1-C4
Anteromedial to the levator scapulae and middle scalene muscle; deep to SCM
Superficial branches are cutaneous
Deep branches are motor
Receives communicating branches from the superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic nerves)
Forms the ansa cervicalis

30
Q

Ansa cervical branches are? and where do they innervate

A 
Superior root 
C1 and Hypoglossal nerve
Superior belly of omohyoid 
Inferior root
C2 and C3
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Inferior belly of omohyoid
31
Q

What are the additional branches of the cervical plexus

A

Lesser Occipital nerve (C2)- skin of neck and scalp posterosuperior to auricle

Great Auricular nerve (C2 & C3)- skin of posterior aspect auricle, angle of mandible, and mastoid process

Transverse cervical nerve (C2 & C3)- skin of anterior cervical region

Supraclavicular nerve (C3 & C4)- skin of the neck, clavicle and shoulder.

Phrenic nerves (C3-C5; mainly C4)

32
Q

Location of Phrenic nerve and where does it innervate

A

Forms on the anterior scalene muscle at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
Note pathway!
Motor and sensation to diaphragm
Sensation to mediastinum pleura and pericardium
Receives sympathetic communicating fibers from cervical sympathetic ganglia

33
Q

Hypoglossal nerves innervation, what does it innervate and location

A

Somatic motor to the extrinsic muscles- styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus (expect palatoglossus) and intrinsic muscles of the tongue via lingual branches
Provides superior root of the Ansa cervicalis to supply the infrahyoid muscles
Exits via a hypoglossal canal

34
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve, location, what does it innervate and function

A

Exits via the jugular foramen
Somatic motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle to assist with swallowing, responsible for gag reflex (sensory)

Visceral motor-Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland via otic ganglion

Special sensory taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia

General somatic sensory to the external ear, pharynx, and middle ear
Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia

Visceral sensory to the carotid body and sinus
Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia

Note Brachial Plexus!
Note Phrenic nerve pathway!

35
Q

Vagus nerve function, where does it innervate and location

A

Exits via jugular foramen

Somatic motor to constrictor muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini), and striated muscle in superior 2/3 of esophagus

Visceral motor-Parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract and cardiac muscle of heart

Visceral sensory from base of tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach and intestine

Special sensory of taste from epiglottis and palate
General somatic sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus and dura mater of posterior cranial fossa

2nd part:

Posterior part of the carotid sheath

Left and right Vagus nerves give rise to superior laryngeal nerves

Internal and external laryngeal divisions; level of the greater cornu

Right Vagus nerve passes anterior to the first part of the subclavian artery posterior to the brachiocephalic vein and sternoclavicular (SC) joint—-> thorax

Gives off right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Loops inferior to the right subclavian artery and ascends

Left Vagus nerve descends between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries and posterior to SC joint —–>thorax

Gives off left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Loops inferior to the arch of the aorta and ascends

Airways.

36
Q

sympathetic nervous system components and Superior, Middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglion

A

No white communications in the neck

Receive presynaptic fibers conveyed to the sympathetic trunk by the superior thoracic spinal nerves and their white rami communicates

Synapse in the cervical ganglia

Postsynaptic ganglia send fibers to
Cervical spinal nerves via gray rami communicates

Thoracic viscera via cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

Head and viscera of the neck via cephalic arterial branches (vertebral and internal and external carotid arteries) as the sympathetic periarterial plexuses

Inferior cervical ganglia usually fuses with first thoracic ganglion to form stellate ganglion

Site for cervicothoracic ganglion block

Anesthesia for vascular spasms of brain and upper limb

Lesion of the cervical sympathetic trunk

Horner syndrome:
Pupillary constriction
Ptosis (drooping of eyelid)
Enopthalmos (sinking in of the eyeball)
Anhidrosis (loss of sweating) and vasodilation of face and neck
37
Q

What are the Roost of the cervical arteries:Right side.

A

Brachiocephalic trunk..divided into 2:
its the First branch of the aorta
Divides into right 1.common carotid and 2.right subclavian

38
Q

Right subclavian artery divisions,functions and location

A

Anterior scalene divides into three parts:
1st: medial to anterior scalene
Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery,
thyrocervical trunk

2nd: posterior to anterior scalene
Costocervical trunk

3rd: lateral to anterior scalene
Dorsal scalpular artery

39
Q

Roots Of the Cervical arteries left side

A 
Left common carotid artery
Second branch of aorta
Left subclavian artery 
Third branch of aorta
Anterior scalene divides into three parts
1st: medial to anterior scalene
Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, thyrocervical trunk 
2nd: posterior to anterior scalene
Costocervical trunk
3rd: lateral to anterior scalene
Dorsal scalpular artery
40
Q

Vertebral arteries

Location and function

A

Foramina of the transverse processes of vertebrae C1-C6

Enters cranium through foramen magnum

41
Q

Common Carotid Arteries location and function

A

Divides into External and Internal carotid arteries at superior border of thyroid cartilage

42
Q

Internal carotid arteries location and function

A

No cervical branches
Enter into cranium through carotid canals

Main arteries of the brain and structures in the orbits

43
Q

External carotid arteries location and function

A

Supply most structures external to cranium
Terminal branches: Maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
Six other branches

44
Q

Components of carotid body and function

A

Medial (deep) side of the bifurcation of the common carotid

Carotid branch (sinus nerve of Hering) of Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), Vagus nerve (CN X), and superior cervical ganglion

Chemoreceptor monitors level of oxygen in the blood (pO2)

Low levels of oxygen stimulate a reflex that increases rate/deep of respiration, cardiac rate and blood pressure

45
Q

Carotid Sinus components and function

A

Bifurcation of common carotid- slight dilation

Carotid branch (sinus nerve of Hering) of Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), Vagus nerve (CN X), and superior cervical ganglion

Baroreceptor

Stimulated by increases in arterial blood pressure results in decrease of heart rate and SVR

46
Q

External jugular vein (EJV) location and function

A

Begins near the angle of the mandible, terminates in the subclavian veins
Receives blood from the cervicodorsal, suprascapular and anterior jugular veins

47
Q

Internal jugular vein (IJV) location and function

A

Drains blood from brain, anterior face, cervical viscera, and deep muscles of neck

Jugular foramen to subclavian vein within the carotid sheath

Lateral to carotid artery and CN X

48
Q

Subclavian Vein

location and function

A

Anterior to the anterior scalene and phrenic nerve

Joins IJV and EJV to form brachiocephalic vein——-> superior vena cava

49
Q

Cervical Viscera- Endocrine Layer:Thyroid Gland Location and function

A

Deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid
Level of C5-T1
Left and right lobes

50
Q

Two main srteries of the Thyroid Gland

A

Two main arteries
Superior (branch of external carotid) and inferior thyroid (branch of thyrocervical trunk) arteries

Nerves are derived from cervical sympathetic ganglia
Vasomotor

Endocrine secretion is regulated by pituitary gland

Note vasculature and location for tracheostomy and cricothyrotomy

51
Q

Cervical Viscera- Endocrine Layer:Parathyroid Gland

Location and function

A

Lie external to thyroid capsule on posterior aspect

Typically four parathyroid glands
Nerves are derived from cervical sympathetic ganglia

Vasomotor

Endocrine secretion is regulated by pituitary gland

52
Q

Cervical Viscera- Alimentary Layer:Esophagus

location and function

A

Muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach
Voluntary, striated, muscle in upper 1/3
Involuntary, smooth, muscle in lower 1/3
Mix in middle 1/3
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle creates the superior esophageal sphincter

53
Q

Nerve supply of the esophagus is ?

A

Superior half: Sensory and Somatic motor via recurrent laryngeal nerve of vagus
Inferior half: Parasympathetic innervation and sensory by vagus nerve, vasomotor fibers by cervical sympathetic trunks

54
Q

Occipitofrontalis

Inn and function

A 
facial nerve(CN5)
Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
55
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A 
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Closes eyelids; orbital sphincter
56
Q

Orbicularis oris

A 
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Closes mouth, compresses and protrudes lips
57
Q

Buccinator

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Presses cheek against molar teeth; works with tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces; cheek muscle

58
Q

Motor nerves of the face are

A 
Facial nerve (CN VII) innervates all muscles of facial expression via its six branches once it exits via the stylomastoid foramen
Posterior auricular branch
Temporal branch (nerve stimulator!)
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Bell Palsy- injury to the facial nerve results in unilateral paralysis of some or all of the muscles on the affected side
59
Q

Cutaneous face and scalp innervation anterior to the auricle is by the the following nerves

A

three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Branches of the Ophthalmic division (CN V1)
Branches of the Maxillary division (CN V2)
Branches of the Mandibular division (CN V3)
Trigeminal neuralgia-excruciating facial pain, thought to be caused by vessel that compresses sensory root of CN V

60
Q

Cutaneous face and scalp innervation posterior to the auricle is by what nerve?

A

spinal cutaneous nerves

Posterior rami of C2, C3 (greater and third occipital nerves)

Anterior rami of C2, C3 (great auricular nerve and lesser occipital)

61
Q

Superficial vasculature face are and scalp are?

A

Great variability and anastomosis

Most superficial arteries of face arise from the external carotid artery

Except supratrochlear and supra orbital arteries which arise from the internal carotid artery

Majority of facial veins drain into the internal jugular vein

Auricular and post-auricular regional veins drain into the external jugular vein

62
Q

Parotid Gland,Location ,function and innervation

A

Note the pathway of the facial nerve (CN VII), external carotid artery and retromandibular vein
Parasympathetic innervation via Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via otic ganglion!

63
Q

What are the Muscles of Temporal and infratemporal regions,innervation and function

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

Motor root of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Muscle of mastication

64
Q

Infratemporal fossa components and innervation

A

Maxillary artery- branch of the external carotid artery

CN V3
General somatic sensory from skin over mandible, lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue

Somatic motor to muscles of mastication

Chorda tympani nerve
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Joins with lingual nerve of CN V3
Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers for submandibular and sublingual glands via submandibular ganglion

Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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