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Anatomy 1 > cranium, Brain, Cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranium, Brain, Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Neuro Cranium Bones

A

(1) frontal
(1) ethmoid
(1) sphenoid
(1) occipital
(2) temporal
(2) parietal

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2
Q

Viscerocranium- 15 bones

A

(1) mandible
(1) ethmoid**
(1) vomer
(2) maxilla
(2) inferior nasal concha (turbinate)
(2) zygomatic
(2) palatine
(2) nasal
(2) lacrimal

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3
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

Cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

A

Frontal lobe of the brain

Axons of olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerve (CN I)

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4
Q

Middle cranial fossa–

  1. optic canals
  2. Superior orbital fissure
  3. Foramen rotundum
  4. Foramen ovale
  5. Foramen spinosum
  6. Foramen lacerum
  7. Carotid canal
A

Temporal lobes of brain

  1. Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
  2. Ophthalmic veins, ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), Oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CNIV) and Abducens nerve (CNVI), and sympathetic fibers
  3. Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
  4. Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
  5. Middle meningeal artery/vein
  6. Nothing passes through but opening is traversed by internal carotid artery
  7. Internal carotid artery, sympathetic fibers
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5
Q

Posterior cranial fossa
contents

  1. Foramen magnum
  2. Jugular foramen
  3. Hypoglossal canal
  4. Internal auditory meatus
A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

  1. cord and meninges, vertebral arteries, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
  2. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CNX), Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI); internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
  3. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
  4. Facial (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)
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6
Q

Whats the main bone of the ear

A

Internal auditory meatus…..main bone of the ear location

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7
Q

Cranial Meninges types

A

Dura,pia and arachnoid matter

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8
Q

Function of cranial meninges

A

Coverings of the brain that lie immediately internal to the cranium

Protect and enclose brain in a fluid-filled cavity, the subarachnoid space

Form the supporting framework for arteries, veins, and venous sinuses

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9
Q

Dura matter

A

Tough, thick external fibrous layer

Bone layer and meningeal layer.meningeal layer continues to become dural mater of the spinal cord

Two layered membrane that is adherent to the internal surface of the cranium
External periosteal layer
Internal meningeal layer
Continuous at the foramen magnum with the dura covering the spinal cord
Reflects away from the periosteal layer of the dura to form dural infoldings (reflections)
Divide the cranial cavity into compartments and support parts of the brain
Four dural infoldings: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diaphragma sellae

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10
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Thin, nonvascular, intermediate layer

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11
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains cerebral spinal fluid

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12
Q

Pia mater

A

Delicate internal vascular layer

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13
Q

Subdural space

A

Potential space

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14
Q

Dural partitions are

A

falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx Cerebelli
Diaphragma Cerebelli

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15
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

Largest dural infolding, separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
Divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments

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17
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres

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18
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Circular extension that forms a partial roof over the Hypophyseal fossa
seals off the pituitary Gland

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19
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A

Branch of the maxillary artery which is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery
Enters the middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum
Rupture may lead to epidural hematoma- “talk and die”

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20
Q

Innervation of Dura mater

A

Innervation is largely supplied by the three branches (V1, V2, V3) of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
Small amount innervation by C2 and C3 fibers which are conveyed by CN X (vagus) and CN XII (hypoglossal)
Explains why there is little pain associated with intracranial surgery once the dura has been resected

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21
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Closely applied to the dura but held in place by the pressure of the CSF in the subarachnoid space
Avascular
Contain prolongations that protrude through the dura mater into the dural sinuses called arachnoid granulations
Transfer CSF to the venous system

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22
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Subarachnoid space contains CSF and arachnoid trabeculae which pass between the arachnoid and pia mater
The only non-pathological meningeal space
(epidural space and subdural space do not naturally exist unless in pathology; hemorrhage)

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23
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin, highly vascularized

Adheres to contour of the brain

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24
Q

Subarachnoid bleed

A

well tolerated,does not cross midline…slowly expanding with veinous blood

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25
Epidural hematoma
rapidly expanding
26
Cerebrum | Divided into cerebral hemispheres which are separated by a longitudinal fissure into which falx cerebri extends
Frontal lobe occupies the anterior cranial fossa, contains primary motor cortex
27
Temporal lobe | location and function
Temporal lobe occupies the lateral parts of the middle fossa, contains hearing cortex
28
Parietal Lobe | location and function
 lies between the frontal and occipital lobes, contains primary sensory cortex
29
Occipital Lobe | location and function
extend posteriorly over the tentorium cerebelli, contains visual cortex
30
Diencephalon | location and function
Central core of the brain; composed of the epithalamus (pineal gland), thalamus and hypothalamus; surrounds the 3rd ventricle
31
Midbrain location and function
Uppermost area of brainstem, gives rise to CN III and IV | Cavity forms the cerebral aqueduct that conducts CSF from lateral and 3rd ventricles to 4th ventricle
32
pons location and function
Part of the brainstem that lies between midbrain and medulla oblongata, gives rise CN V Cavity in the pons forms the upper portion of the 4th ventricle
33
Medulla oblongata
Most caudal part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord; gives rise to CN IX, X, XII CN VI and VIII at junction of medulla oblongata and pons Cavity of the medulla oblongata forms the inferior part of the 4th ventricle
34
cerebellum
Lies beneath tentorium cerebelli Receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
35
Where is the CSf Produced
CSF is produced by the choroid plexus located all four ventricles 400-500ml/day
36
CSF Pathway
(2) lateral ventricles which open into the third via interventricular foramina (of Monro) Third ventricle lies between the halves of the diencephalon and continuous with the cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle then tapers into a narrow channel that continues into the spinal cord as the central canal CSF drains from the fourth ventricle through a single median aperture (of Megendie) and paired lateral apertures (of Luschka) into subarachnoid space If these apertures become blocked  CSF builds up and distends ventricle system CSF is then absorbed into the venous system through the arachnoid granulations
37
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
Receives 1/6 of the the cardiac output | Consumes 1/5 of the body’s oxygen at rest
38
Internal carotid
Arise from common carotid Enters cranial cavity through carotid canals Exits into cranial cavity passing over the foramen lacerum Terminal branches are the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
39
2 Vertebral arteries
Arise from subclavian arteries Enters cranial cavity through the foramen magnum Posterior inferior cereballar artery braches off . Anterior inferior cerebellar artery branches off Anterior spinal artery Basillar artery becomes main runoff....pontine branches come off here. Superior cerebellar artery Posterior cerebral artery 2 posterior communicating arteries 2 main Internal Carotid arteries that form the middle cerebral artery and 2 anterior cerebral artery. These anterior cerebral arteries come together to form the Anterior communicating artery.
40
Somatic efferent
voluntary striated muscle
41
Visceral efferent (motor):
glands and involuntary smooth muscle, autonomic nervous system-parasympathetic (CN III, VII, IX, X) Parasympathetic
42
General visceral afferent
sensation from the viscera
43
General somatic sensory
sensation from skin and mucus membranes (CN V, VII, IX, X)
44
Special sensory
taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance
45
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
``` Special sensory (olfaction) from nasal mucosa Foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone ```
46
Optic Nerve (CN II)
Exits cranium through optic canal/foramen | Special sensory, vision from retina
47
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) So4LR(abducens)
Exits cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure Somatic motor to all eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus Visceral motor Parasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles in eye constricts pupil and accommodates lens of eye (lens becomes more rounded) for near vision Presynaptic fibers carried on CNIII, synapse in the CILIARY GANGLION, postsynaptic fibers pass to the eyeball via short ciliary nerves
48
TROCHLEAR NERVE (CN IV)
Exits cranium by the superior orbital fissure Motor to superior oblique eye muscle Injury results in diplopia when looking down
49
ABDUCENT NERVE (CN VI)
Exits cranium by the superior orbital fissure Motor to lateral rectus eye muscle Injury results in inability to abduct the eye on the affected side
50
Sympathetic innervation of the eye
Presynaptic sympathetic fibers originate T1-T3, travel to the superior cervical chain ganglion and synapse Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers then travel with internal carotid artery, pass through the ciliary ganglion into the short ciliary nerves into the
51
Trigeminal Nerve number 5
Ophthalmic (CN V1) Exits via superior orbital fissure General somatic sensory from the cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Maxillary (CN V2) Exits via foramen rotundum General somatic sensory from skin of face over maxilla(Cheek), upper lip, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate, nasopharynx Mandibular (CN V3) Exits via foramen ovale General somatic sensory from skin over mandible, lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue Somatic motor to muscles of mastication
52
Facial nerve number 7
Exits via stylomastoid foramen via the internal acoustic meatus Sharp bend geniculum of the facial nerve, contains geniculate ganglion (sensory component of CN VII) Somatic motor to muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid and stapedius Terminal branches: posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical Visceral motor Via pterygopalatine ganglion for innervation to lacrimal, nasal, pharyngeal and palatine glands Via submandibular ganglion for innervation to sublingual and submandibular salivary glands Somatic sensory to small area close to the external acoustic meatus Special sensory via lingual nerve (of CN V) transmits taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate
53
Parasympathetic pathway of CN7
1.Great petrosal+ pterygopalatine ganglion+ Lacrimal nerve> all join up to innervate the lacrimal gland. 2.Chordae tympani+Lingual nerve+submandibular ganglion> then innervate submandibular gland and sublingual gland increase saliva in the mouth.
54
Visceral innervation of cranial nerve 7
Review slide 34
55
CN 8 Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Vestibular Exits via the internal acoustic meatus Special sensory for balance and equilibrium from semicircular ducts stays in the brain Cochlear Exits via internal acoustic meatus Special sensory of hearing from the spiral organ
56
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) slide 36
Exits via the jugular foramen Somatic motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle to assist with swallowing, responsible for gag reflex General somatic sensory to the external ear, oropharynx, and middle ear Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia Special sensory taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia Visceral motor-Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland via otic ganglion Visceral sensory to the carotid body and sinus Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia
57
Parasympathetic innervation of CN IX
Lesser patrossel –Otic ganglion-Auriculotemporal nerve-parotid gland
58
VAgus nerve
Exits via jugular foramen Somatic motor to constrictor muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini), and striated muscle in superior 2/3 of esophagus General somatic sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus and dura mater of posterior cranial fossa Special sensory of taste from epiglottis and palate Visceral motor-Parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract and cardiac muscle of heart Visceral sensory from base of tongue, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach and intestine
59
Spinal Accesory nerve 11
Exits via jugular foramen | Somatic motor to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
60
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Exits via hypoglossal canal Somatic motor to the extrinsic muscles- styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus (expect palatoglossus) and intrinsic muscles of the tongue via lingual branches Provides superior root of the Ansa cervicalis to supply the infrahyoid muscles

Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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