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Anatomy 1 > cranium, Brain, Cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranium, Brain, Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Neuro Cranium Bones

A

(1) frontal
(1) ethmoid
(1) sphenoid
(1) occipital
(2) temporal
(2) parietal

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2
Q

Viscerocranium- 15 bones

A

(1) mandible
(1) ethmoid**
(1) vomer
(2) maxilla
(2) inferior nasal concha (turbinate)
(2) zygomatic
(2) palatine
(2) nasal
(2) lacrimal

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3
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

Cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

A

Frontal lobe of the brain

Axons of olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerve (CN I)

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4
Q

Middle cranial fossa–

  1. optic canals
  2. Superior orbital fissure
  3. Foramen rotundum
  4. Foramen ovale
  5. Foramen spinosum
  6. Foramen lacerum
  7. Carotid canal
A

Temporal lobes of brain

  1. Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
  2. Ophthalmic veins, ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), Oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CNIV) and Abducens nerve (CNVI), and sympathetic fibers
  3. Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
  4. Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
  5. Middle meningeal artery/vein
  6. Nothing passes through but opening is traversed by internal carotid artery
  7. Internal carotid artery, sympathetic fibers
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5
Q

Posterior cranial fossa
contents

  1. Foramen magnum
  2. Jugular foramen
  3. Hypoglossal canal
  4. Internal auditory meatus
A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

  1. cord and meninges, vertebral arteries, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
  2. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CNX), Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI); internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
  3. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
  4. Facial (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)
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6
Q

Whats the main bone of the ear

A

Internal auditory meatus…..main bone of the ear location

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7
Q

Cranial Meninges types

A

Dura,pia and arachnoid matter

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8
Q

Function of cranial meninges

A

Coverings of the brain that lie immediately internal to the cranium

Protect and enclose brain in a fluid-filled cavity, the subarachnoid space

Form the supporting framework for arteries, veins, and venous sinuses

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9
Q

Dura matter

A

Tough, thick external fibrous layer

Bone layer and meningeal layer.meningeal layer continues to become dural mater of the spinal cord

Two layered membrane that is adherent to the internal surface of the cranium
External periosteal layer
Internal meningeal layer
Continuous at the foramen magnum with the dura covering the spinal cord
Reflects away from the periosteal layer of the dura to form dural infoldings (reflections)
Divide the cranial cavity into compartments and support parts of the brain
Four dural infoldings: falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diaphragma sellae

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10
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Thin, nonvascular, intermediate layer

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11
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains cerebral spinal fluid

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12
Q

Pia mater

A

Delicate internal vascular layer

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13
Q

Subdural space

A

Potential space

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14
Q

Dural partitions are

A

falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx Cerebelli
Diaphragma Cerebelli

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15
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

Largest dural infolding, separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
Divides the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments

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17
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres

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18
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Circular extension that forms a partial roof over the Hypophyseal fossa
seals off the pituitary Gland

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19
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A

Branch of the maxillary artery which is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery
Enters the middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum
Rupture may lead to epidural hematoma- “talk and die”

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20
Q

Innervation of Dura mater

A

Innervation is largely supplied by the three branches (V1, V2, V3) of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
Small amount innervation by C2 and C3 fibers which are conveyed by CN X (vagus) and CN XII (hypoglossal)
Explains why there is little pain associated with intracranial surgery once the dura has been resected

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21
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Closely applied to the dura but held in place by the pressure of the CSF in the subarachnoid space
Avascular
Contain prolongations that protrude through the dura mater into the dural sinuses called arachnoid granulations
Transfer CSF to the venous system

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22
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Subarachnoid space contains CSF and arachnoid trabeculae which pass between the arachnoid and pia mater
The only non-pathological meningeal space
(epidural space and subdural space do not naturally exist unless in pathology; hemorrhage)

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23
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin, highly vascularized

Adheres to contour of the brain

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24
Q

Subarachnoid bleed

A

well tolerated,does not cross midline…slowly expanding with veinous blood

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25
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

rapidly expanding

26
Q

Cerebrum

Divided into cerebral hemispheres which are separated by a longitudinal fissure into which falx cerebri extends

A

Frontal lobe occupies the anterior cranial fossa, contains primary motor cortex

27
Q

Temporal lobe

location and function

A

Temporal lobe occupies the lateral parts of the middle fossa, contains hearing cortex

28
Q

Parietal Lobe

location and function

A

 lies between the frontal and occipital lobes, contains primary sensory cortex

29
Q

Occipital Lobe

location and function

A

extend posteriorly over the tentorium cerebelli, contains visual cortex

30
Q

Diencephalon

location and function

A

Central core of the brain; composed of the epithalamus (pineal gland), thalamus and hypothalamus; surrounds the 3rd ventricle

31
Q

Midbrain

location and function

A

Uppermost area of brainstem, gives rise to CN III and IV

Cavity forms the cerebral aqueduct that conducts CSF from lateral and 3rd ventricles to 4th ventricle

32
Q

pons location and function

A

Part of the brainstem that lies between midbrain and medulla oblongata, gives rise CN V
Cavity in the pons forms the upper portion of the 4th ventricle

33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Most caudal part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord; gives rise to CN IX, X, XII

CN VI and VIII at junction of medulla oblongata and pons

Cavity of the medulla oblongata forms the inferior part of the 4th ventricle

34
Q

cerebellum

A

Lies beneath tentorium cerebelli
Receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.

35
Q

Where is the CSf Produced

A

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus located all four ventricles
400-500ml/day

36
Q

CSF Pathway

A

(2) lateral ventricles which open into the third via interventricular foramina (of Monro)
Third ventricle lies between the halves of the diencephalon and continuous with the cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle then tapers into a narrow channel that continues into the spinal cord as the central canal
CSF drains from the fourth ventricle through a single median aperture (of Megendie) and paired lateral apertures (of Luschka) into subarachnoid space
If these apertures become blocked  CSF builds up and distends ventricle system
CSF is then absorbed into the venous system through the arachnoid granulations

37
Q

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

A

Receives 1/6 of the the cardiac output

Consumes 1/5 of the body’s oxygen at rest

38
Q

Internal carotid

A

Arise from common carotid
Enters cranial cavity through carotid canals
Exits into cranial cavity passing over the foramen lacerum
Terminal branches are the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

39
Q

2 Vertebral arteries

A

Arise from subclavian arteries
Enters cranial cavity through the foramen magnum

Posterior inferior cereballar artery braches off .
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery branches off
Anterior spinal artery

Basillar artery becomes main runoff….pontine branches come off here.

Superior cerebellar
artery
Posterior cerebral artery

2 posterior communicating arteries

2 main Internal Carotid arteries that form the middle cerebral artery
and 2 anterior cerebral artery.
These anterior cerebral arteries come together to form the Anterior communicating artery.

40
Q

Somatic efferent

A

voluntary striated muscle

41
Q

Visceral efferent (motor):

A

glands and involuntary smooth muscle, autonomic nervous system-parasympathetic (CN III, VII, IX, X)
Parasympathetic

42
Q

General visceral afferent

A

sensation from the viscera

43
Q

General somatic sensory

A

sensation from skin and mucus membranes (CN V, VII, IX, X)

44
Q

Special sensory

A

taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance

45
Q

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

A 
Special sensory (olfaction) from nasal mucosa
Foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
46
Q

Optic Nerve (CN II)

A

Exits cranium through optic canal/foramen

Special sensory, vision from retina

47
Q

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

So4LR(abducens)

A

Exits cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure
Somatic motor to all eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus

Visceral motor
Parasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles in eye constricts pupil and accommodates lens of eye (lens becomes more rounded) for near vision

Presynaptic fibers carried on CNIII, synapse in the CILIARY GANGLION, postsynaptic fibers pass to the eyeball via short ciliary nerves

48
Q

TROCHLEAR NERVE (CN IV)

A

Exits cranium by the superior orbital fissure
Motor to superior oblique eye muscle
Injury results in diplopia when looking down

49
Q

ABDUCENT NERVE (CN VI)

A

Exits cranium by the superior orbital fissure
Motor to lateral rectus eye muscle
Injury results in inability to abduct the eye on the affected side

50
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the eye

A

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers originate T1-T3, travel to the superior cervical chain ganglion and synapse

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers then travel with internal carotid artery, pass through the ciliary ganglion into the short ciliary nerves into the

51
Q

Trigeminal Nerve number 5

A

Ophthalmic (CN V1)
Exits via superior orbital fissure
General somatic sensory from the cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Maxillary (CN V2)
Exits via foramen rotundum
General somatic sensory from skin of face over maxilla(Cheek), upper lip, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, palate, nasopharynx

Mandibular (CN V3)
Exits via foramen ovale
General somatic sensory from skin over mandible, lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue
Somatic motor to muscles of mastication

52
Q

Facial nerve number 7

A

Exits via stylomastoid foramen via the internal acoustic meatus
Sharp bend geniculum of the facial nerve, contains geniculate ganglion (sensory component of CN VII)
Somatic motor to muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid and stapedius
Terminal branches: posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical
Visceral motor
Via pterygopalatine ganglion for innervation to lacrimal, nasal, pharyngeal and palatine glands
Via submandibular ganglion for innervation to sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
Somatic sensory to small area close to the external acoustic meatus
Special sensory via lingual nerve (of CN V) transmits taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate

53
Q

Parasympathetic pathway of CN7

A

1.Great petrosal+ pterygopalatine ganglion+ Lacrimal nerve> all join up to innervate the lacrimal gland.

2.Chordae tympani+Lingual nerve+submandibular ganglion> then innervate submandibular gland and sublingual gland
increase saliva in the mouth.

54
Q

Visceral innervation of cranial nerve 7

A

Review slide 34

55
Q

CN 8 Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

Vestibular
Exits via the internal acoustic meatus
Special sensory for balance and equilibrium from semicircular ducts

stays in the brain

Cochlear
Exits via internal acoustic meatus
Special sensory of hearing from the spiral organ

56
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

slide 36

A

Exits via the jugular foramen
Somatic motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle to assist with swallowing, responsible for gag reflex

General somatic sensory to the external ear, oropharynx, and middle ear
Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia

Special sensory taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia

Visceral motor-Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland via otic ganglion

Visceral sensory to the carotid body and sinus
Cell bodies contained within the superior and inferior ganglia

57
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of CN IX

A

Lesser patrossel –Otic ganglion-Auriculotemporal nerve-parotid gland

58
Q

VAgus nerve

A

Exits via jugular foramen
Somatic motor to constrictor muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini), and striated muscle in superior 2/3 of esophagus
General somatic sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus and dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
Special sensory of taste from epiglottis and palate
Visceral motor-Parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract and cardiac muscle of heart
Visceral sensory from base of tongue, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach and intestine

59
Q

Spinal Accesory nerve 11

A

Exits via jugular foramen

Somatic motor to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

60
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

Exits via hypoglossal canal
Somatic motor to the extrinsic muscles- styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus (expect palatoglossus) and intrinsic muscles of the tongue via lingual branches
Provides superior root of the Ansa cervicalis to supply the infrahyoid muscles

Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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