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Anatomy > Vertebral column, spinal cord, and back > Flashcards

Vertebral column, spinal cord, and back Flashcards

1
Q

total number of vertebrae

A

33

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2
Q

four curvatures of the spine

A
  1. Cervical curvature- concave posteriorly
  2. Thoracic curvature- concave anteriorly
  3. Lumbar curvature- concave posteriorly
  4. Sacral curvature- concave anteriorly
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3
Q

lordosis

A

curvature of spine concave posteriorly

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4
Q

kyphosis

A

curvature of spine concave anteriorly

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5
Q

“high” curves

A

C5, L3

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6
Q

“Low” curves

A

T5, S2

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7
Q

excessive thoracic kyphosis

A

caused by erosion and collapse of vertebrae osteoporosis

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8
Q

Excessive lumbar lordosis

A
  • weakened trunk musculature
  • temporary in late pregnancy
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9
Q

Scoliosis

A
  • abnormal lateral curvature with rotation of the vertebrae
  • Asymmetric weakness of intrinsic back muscles, failure of half of the vertebra to develop or difference in lower limb length
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10
Q

vertebral body function

A

strengthen vertebral column

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11
Q

vertebral foramen

A

provides passage for spinal cord, meninges, fat, spina nerve roots and vessels

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12
Q

articulating facet function

(2 superior and 2 inferior)

A

join with adjacent vertebrae and form the intervertebral foramina which gives passage to spinal nerve roots and vessels

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13
Q

spinous process function

A

provides attachment for deep back muscles

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14
Q

transverse process function

A

provides attachment for deep back muscles and ribs

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15
Q

C1

A
  • Atlas
  • ring like, no spinous process or body
  • connection with occipital joint allows for up and down movement of the head
  • connection with Dens on C2 allows for side to side movement of head.
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16
Q

C2

A
  • Axis
  • strongest cervical vertebra
  • Dens projects superiorly from body and provides a pivot for atlas to turn left and right
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17
Q

scapular spine correlates to ________

A

T3

18
Q

Inferior angle of the scapula correlates to _____

A

T7 spinous process

19
Q

Last rib corresponds with _____

A

T12 spinous process

20
Q

Illiac crest (Tuffier’s line) correlates with _____

A

L4 spinous process

21
Q

Posterior superior iliac spine corresponds with ____

A

S2 spinous process

22
Q

6 ligaments of the spine

A
  1. Nuchal
  2. supraspinous
  3. interspinous
  4. ligamentum flava/flavum
  5. posterior longitudinal
  6. anterior longitudinal
23
Q

spinal cord beinning and end point

A

begins in the midbrain, ends at the conus medullaris which correlates to L1 (T12-L3)

24
Q

the continuation of the Pia matter is called _____

A

Filum terminale externum (outside of dural sac)

Filum terminale internum (within the dural sac)

25
Q

number of spinal nerves

A
  • 31 total
  • 8 cervical
    • C2-C7 emerge superior to corresponding pedicles
    • C8 and below emerge inferior to corresponding pedicles
26
Q

Spinal nerve structure

(medial to lateral)

A
  • spinal cord (grey matter in the center, surrounded by white matter)
  • dorsal root/ventral root
  • roots merge to form spinal nerve
  • spinal nerve splits to form dorsal rami/ventral rami
27
Q

Dorsal rami supplies ______

A

the deep muscles of the back and skin

28
Q

Ventral rami supplies _______

A

muscles, joints, and skin of the limbs and remainder of the trunk

29
Q

dura mater

A
  • tough, fibrous outermost covering
  • separated from the vertebrae by the epidural space
  • highly vascularized
  • forms the spinal dural sac, which ends at S2
30
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • delicate, avascular membrane
  • lines the dural sac, is not attached to the dura but is pressed against it by the CSF
  • encloses the subarachnoid space which contains CSF, spinal nerve roots, and spinal ganglia
31
Q

Pia mater

A
  • innermost covering membrane
  • directly covers the spinal cord, roots of the spinal nerves and the spinal blood vessels
  • forms the denticulate ligament which helps anchor spina cord centrally
  • continues as filum terminale
32
Q

venous plexis

(Batson plexus)

A

becomes engorged during pregnancy, more common to accidentally hit it in a pegnant woman.

33
Q

serratus posterior superior and inferior

innervation and actions

A
  • innervation:
    • S: 2nd and 5th intercostal nerves (anterior rami)
    • I: 9th-11 intercostal nerves (anterior rami)
  • action:
    • proprioception for respiration

(lets us know we are breathing)

34
Q

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

innervation and action

A
  • Innervation:
    • posterior rami of the spinal nerves
  • action:
    • laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles.
    • extends head and neck together
35
Q

Spinalis

Longissimus

Iliocostalis

Innervation and action

A
  • Innervation:
    • posterior rami of spinal nerves
  • Action:
    • bilaterally: extends vertebral column
    • unilaterally: flexes vertebral column
36
Q

Suboccipital triangle

4 postural muscles of the head

innervation and action

A
  • Rectus capitis posterior major
  • Rectus capitis posterior minor
  • Obliquus capitis inferior
  • Obliquus capitis superior
  • All innervated by:
    • suboccipital nerve
  • Action of all:
    • head posture
37
Q

suboccipital nerve

affiliated ramus and type of innervation

A
  • posterior ramus of C1
  • motor innervation
38
Q

greater occipital nerve

affiliated ramus and type of innervation

A
  • Posterior ramus of C2
  • sensory innervation
39
Q

Third occipital nerve

affiliated ramus and type of innervation

A
  • Posterior ramus of C3
  • sensory innervation
40
Q

Lesser occipital nerve

affiliated ramus and type of innervation

A
  • Anterior ramus of C2-C3
  • sensory innervation

Anatomy (9 decks)

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