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MSK Final > Vertebral column and spinal cord > Flashcards

Vertebral column and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

function of the spinal cord

A

protects the spinal cord and transfers loads from the head, trunk, and upper limb to the pelvis

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2
Q

Cervical vertebrae characteristics

A

small, wide body
short, bifid spinous processes
triangular shaped vertebral foramen
inferior and superior articular processes directed superoposteriorly

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3
Q

thoracic vertebrae characteristics

A

articulate with ribs
heart shaped body with costal facets
spinous processes are long and sharp, project inferiorly
vertebral foramina are circular
transverse processes serve as facets for ribs (except T1 and T12)

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4
Q

thoracic vertebrae movements

A

rotation
lateral flexion is limited
flexion and extension are prevented

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5
Q

lumbar vertebrae characteristics

A

massive body
short, blunt, rectangular shaped, posteriorly projecting spinous process
triangular vertebral foramen
thin and tapered transverse process

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6
Q

lumbar vertebrae movements

A

flexion and extension
some lateral flexion
NO ROTATION

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7
Q

Sacrum characteristics

A

5 fused vertebrae
provides strength and stability to the pelvis
attached to inferior end is coccyx (tail bone)

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8
Q

transverse foramina are unique to

A

cervical vertebrae

provide space for vertebral a to course up neck into head

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9
Q

bifid spinous processes are unique to

A

cervical vertebrae

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10
Q

movements of cervical vertebrae

A

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

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11
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome

A

impingment of neurovascular structures in neck
cervical ribs can cause impingement (as well as fractured clavicle, extra muscle/scar tissue in scalene area, poor posture of neck and shoulder regions)

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12
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

general arrangement of musculature and fascial components

posterior, middle, anterior lamina

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13
Q

three structures contributing stability to vertebral column

A

IV discs
ligaments
musculature surrounding column

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14
Q

IV disc characteristics

A

fibrocartilage positioned between adjacent vertebrae
symphysis (fibrocartilaginous joint)
Allow slight movement of vertebrae
acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together

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15
Q

IV joint characteristics

A 
Joints between vertebral bodies 
maintained by 3 ligamentous structures 
annulus fibrosis (fibrous outer layer) 
Anterior longitudinal ligament - prevents hyperextension 
Posterior longitudinal ligament
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16
Q

other ligaments of vertebral column (5)

A

nuchal ligament (attaches to external occipital protuberance)
supraspinous (connects adjacent spinous processes)
interspinous (deeper supraspinous, same thing)
ligamentum flava ( contact lamina of vertebrae)
intertransverse ligaments (connections between transverse processes)
all limit extreme movements

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17
Q

ligament that attaches to external occipital protuberance

A

nuchal ligament

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18
Q

2 ligaments that connect adjacent spinous processes

A

supraspinous (more superficial)

interspinous

19
Q

ligament that connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

A

ligamentum flava

20
Q

ligament that connects transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

A

intertransverse ligaments

21
Q

herniated IV discs

A

portion of disc squeezes out and impinges/presses upon spinal cord (or potentially spinal nerves)
typically occurs in posterolateral direction (posterior ligament is not as strong)
typically occurs in lumbar region

22
Q

spinal meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

23
Q

dura mater

A

tough mother, epidural space
most superficial layer
blends and spreads out with spinal nerves

24
Q

arachnoid mater

A

spider web, contains subarachnoid space (houses CSF - filtrate that will wash over brain)
middle layer

25
Q

pia mater

A

soft mother, denticulate ligaments - connects pia mater to other layers of meninges
deepest layer - same outer layering of spinal cord itself,

26
Q

thoracic region disc herniations

A

usually a result of wear and tear or disc degeneration

sudden and forceful twisting of midback region

27
Q

lumbar region disc herniation

A

most common region
frequent bending, twisting, lifting increases risk
pain/dysfunction radiation region will provide information where herniation impingment may be occur

28
Q

vasculature of vertebral column

A

cervical - vertebral and cervical a
thoracic - posterior intercostal a
lumbar - subcostal and lumbar a
sacral - iliolumbar a, medial and lateral sacral a

29
Q

venous drainage of vertebral column

A 
venous plexus around and inside vertebral column 
internal vertebral venous plexus 
external vertebral venous plexus 
basivertebral veins 
intervertebral veins
30
Q

spinal cord begins to end as a cluster of nerves not associated with meninges around

A

L1

31
Q

cervical enlargement

A

enlargement that represents nerves exiting to the upper extremities

32
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

lower extremity nerve exit point

33
Q

conus medullaris

A

where the spinal cord comes to an end

34
Q

filum terminale

A

extends from pia mater of spinal cord to inferior most portion of vertebrae - bony attachment of spinal cord

35
Q

cauda equina

A

all nerves are bundled up together but are not bound together as a discrete structure (aka spinal cord)
after spinal cord has ended
allows us to give spinal block

36
Q

why do we have cauda equina

A

vertebral column grows faster, keeps growing after nervous system -

37
Q

lumbar puncture

A

between L3-L4 vertebrae because needle introduced to the dural sac (lumbar cistern) generally slips past the spinal nerve roots without injuring the spinal cord or nerves
allows us to avoid conus medullaris

38
Q

spondylolysis

A

broken vertebrae
trauma or degenerative disease
common cause of spondylolisthesis

39
Q

spondylolisthises

A

anterior/ventral displacement of one vertebrae on adjacent one
common progression from spondylolysis
can be congenital

40
Q

pars interarticularis fractures

A

between inferior and superior articular facets, between lamina and pedicles of vertebrae
fractures associated with spondylolysis
looks like a scottie dog and fracture is at dogs collar

41
Q

compression fractures

A

collapse of bone of vertebral body

can be caused by trauma or degenerative disease

42
Q

osteopenia

A

process of thinning or decrease in bone mass

43
Q

osteoporosis

A

the condition of having diminished bone density making bones prone to fracture - degenerative

44
Q

curvature abnormalities

A

scoliosis - excessive lateral curvature of head
kyphosis - excessive thoracic curvature (convexity)
Lordosis - excessive lumbar curvature (concavity)
caused by developmental abnormalities, trauma, degenerative disease

MSK Final (21 decks)

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