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MSK > Vertebral Column And Lumbar Spine > Flashcards

Vertebral Column And Lumbar Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae are there in each?

A 
Cervical - 7.
Thoracic - 12.
Lumbar - 5.
Sacral - 5.
Coccygeal - 4.
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2
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the vertebral column?

A

Support - skull, pelvis, upper limbs, thoracic cage.
Protection - spinal cord and cauda equina.
Movement - highly flexible structure of bones, intervertebral discs and ligaments.
Haemopoiesis - red bone marrow.

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3
Q

Through what part of a vertebra does the spinal cord pass?

A

Vertebral foramen

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4
Q

What shape is the vertebral body of the cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra and lumbar vertebra?

A

Cervical - oval.

Thoracic -

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5
Q

How can the thoracic vertebrae be identified from their vertebra?

A

Facet for rib

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6
Q

What part of the vertebra interlock with the vertebra above and below?

A

2 superior articular processes interlock with the vertebra above.
2 inferior articular processes interlock with the vertebra below.

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7
Q

What connect the transverse processes of a vertebra to the spinous process?

A

Lamina

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8
Q

What connects the 2 transverse processes to the body of the vertebra?

A

Pedicle

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9
Q

What 2 parts of a vertebra make up the vertebral arch?

A

Lamina and pedicle

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10
Q

What part of a vertebra is lined with cartilage?

A

Superior and inferior articular processes

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11
Q

Through where do spinal nerves emerge from the vertebra?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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12
Q

What are the 3 main components that intervertebral discs are made of?

A

Water, collagen, proteoglycans.

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13
Q

What are the 2 regions of intervertebral discs? Where is each found?

A

Annulus fibrosus - peripheral.

Nucleus pulposus - central.

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14
Q

What part of the spine is the remnant of the notochord?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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15
Q

What part of the intervertebral discs are Type 1 collagen, and which are Type 2 collagen?

A

Type 1 - annulus fibrosus.

Type 2 - nucleus pulposus.

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16
Q

Where is the nucleus pulposus located in an infant and in an adult?

A

Infant - centrally.

Adult - posteriorly.

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17
Q

In what direct are intervertebral discs strongest?

A

Axial compression

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18
Q

What are the 5 ligaments of the spinal column, from posterior (spinous processes) to anterior (body of vertebrae)?

A 
Supraspinous ligament.
Interspinous ligament.
Ligamentum flavum.
Posterior longitudinal ligament.
Anterior longitudinal ligament.
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19
Q

What ligament prevents hyperextension of the spinal column?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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20
Q

What ligament prevents hyperflexion of the spinal column?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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21
Q

What ligament is stretched during flexion of the spine?

A

Ligamentum flavum

22
Q

Which ligaments do you pass through in a lumbar puncture, in the correct order?

A

Supraspinous ligament.
Interspinous ligament.
Ligamentum flavum.

23
Q

What is primary curvature of the spine?

A

Kyphosis - c-shaped spine that babies are born with.

24
Q

In an adult, what areas of the spine are kyphoses, and which are lordoses?

A

Lordoses - cervical and lumbar.

Kyphoses - thoracic and sacrococcygeal.

25
Q

When do cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis develop?

A

Cervical lordosis - head lifting of young child.

Lumbar lordosis - walking.

26
Q

Which vertebra does the centre of pass through when standing?

A

C1, C2,
C7, T1,
T12, L1,
L5, S1

27
Q

What is senile kyphosis?

A

When secondary curvatures start to disappear with old age

28
Q

What part of the spinal curvature is exaggerated in pregnancy?

A

Lumbar lordosis

29
Q

At what vertebral levels should you perform a lumbar puncture?

A

L3/4 or L4/5

30
Q

Stress is placed on what joint by decreased disc space sue to disc degeneration, leading to osteoarthritis?

A

Facet joints

31
Q

What is disc degeneration?

A

Chemical changes associated with aging causing discs to dehydrate and bulge.

32
Q

What is a disc prolapse?

A

Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus with slight impingement into the spinal canal

33
Q

Which is disc extrusion?

A

Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus, but remains within the disc space

34
Q

What is disc sequestration?

A

Nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus and separates from the main body of the disc in the spinal canal.

35
Q

Between which vertebra does a slipper disc most commonly occur?

A

L4/5 to L5/S1

36
Q

What leads to corda equina syndrome?

A

A canal filling disc prolapse

37
Q

What is sciatica and what causes it?

A

Compression of the nerve roots which contribute to the sciatic nerve.
Lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease.

38
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

39
Q

Do nerves exit above or below there vertebra from T1 onwards?

A

Below

40
Q

What nerve root could be compressed in an L4/5 paracentral disc prolapse?

A

L5 - transversing nerve

41
Q

What nerve root would be compresses in an L4/% far lateral disc prolapse?

A

L4 - exiting nerve

42
Q

What are the main symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Bilateral sciatica.
Perianal numbness.
Painless retention of urine.
Urinary/faecal incontinence.

43
Q

What 3 things can cause lumbar spine stenosis?

A

Disc bulge.
Facet joint osteoarthritis.
Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy.

44
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

A slip forwards of the vertebra above on the vertebra below

45
Q

What is dysplasia spondylolisthesis?

A

Abnormality in the shape of the facet joints

46
Q

What is isthmic spondylolisthesis?

A

Defect in the pars interarticularis

47
Q

What is spondylosis?

A

Age related wear and tear to bones of spine - osteoarthritis.

48
Q

What is spondylitis?

A

Inflammation of the joints in the spine

49
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Fracture in the pars articularis

50
Q

At what level does the spinal cord become the cauda equina?

A

Between T12 and L3

MSK (10 decks)

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