Hip Joint And Knees Flashcards
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket
A fusion of what 3 bones forms the hip bone?
Ilium.
Ischium.
Pubis.
What are the 3 bones making up the hip bone separated by?
Triradiate cartilage
At what age are the 3 bones making up the hip bone completely fused by?
Age 25
What is the name of the socket for the hip joint?
Acetabulum
What are the 3 strong ligaments of the hip joint?
Iliofemoral.
Pubofemoral.
Ischiofemoral.
What are the 2 accessory ligaments of the hip joint?
Ligament of the head of the femur.
Transverse acetabularligament.
What 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment (hamstrings) of the thigh? What are they innervated by?
Semimembranosus - tibial part of sciatic nerve.
Semitendinosus - tibial part of sciatic nerve.
Biceps femoris - long head - tibial part of the sciatic nerve. Short head - common fibular part of the sciatic nerve.
What can damage to the medial circumflex femoral artery in femur head fracture lead to in adults?
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
What 4 nerves innervate the hip joint?
Femoral nerve.
Obturator nerve.
Superior gluteal nerve.
Nerve to quadratusfemoris.
What artery needs to be damaged in children in a head of the femur fracture to lead to avascular necrosis? Why?
Artery of ligamentum teres as the circumflex arteries are not fully developed yet.
What will be seen clinically in a femur fracture vs a hip joint dislocation?
Fracture - leg shortened and externally rotated.
Dislocation - leg shortened and internally rotated.
How is an extracapsular hip joint dislocation managed?
Pin using screws or nails depending on where the fracture is.
How is an intravascular hip joint dislocation managed? Why?
Partial or total hip replacement, due to risk of avascular necrosis.
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Bicondylar synovial joint.
Articulation between which 3 bones make up the knee joint?
Patella, femur, tibia.
What is a stable patellar fracture?
Break through patella, patella still in place.
What is a comminuted patellar fracture?
Patella broken and pieces moved out of place.
What is a tibial plateau fracture and how does it present?
Fracture in the posterior part of the tibia.
Caused by fall onto extended leg, presents with knee swelling, limited flexion, pain on weight bearing, knee deformity and possibly neurovascular compromise.
What is the role of the meniscus of the knee joint?
Deepen the articular surface making the joint more stable. Act as shock absorbers.
What does damage to the tibial collateral ligament also cause damage to?
Medial meniscus.
What 2 collateral ligaments of the knee joint stabilise the knee, preventing medial or lateral movement?
Tibial (medial) collateral.
Fibular (lateral) collateral.
What 2 ligaments prevent the tibia moving anteriorly and posteriorly at the knee joint?
Anterior cruciate ligament.
Posterior cruciate ligament.
What type of impact normally cause medial collateral ligament damage?
Forces applying excess stress to the lateral surface of the knee. Often occur with knee slightly flexed. May damage other knee ligaments and menisci.
What type of impact normally cause anterior cruciate ligament injuries?
Landing and twisting forces, often with foot slightly inverted. May require surgical repair.
What is the unhappy triad? What type of force normally causes this?
Combination of injuries to the anterior cruciate, medial collateral and medial meniscus.
Severe lateral forces applied to the knee when the foot is fixed to the floor.
What are the boarders of the popliteal fossa?
Superomedial border - semimembranosus.
Superolateral border - biceps femoris.
Inferomedial border - medial head of the gastrocnemius.
Inferolateral border - lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.
Floor - posterior surface of knee joint capsule and posterior surface of femur.
Roof - popliteal fascia and skin.
What is the popliteal fascia continuous with?
Fascia lata of the leg.
What is the contents of the popliteal fossa from lateral to medial?
Common fibular nerve.
Tibial nerve.
Popliteal vein.
Popliteal artery.
What is the only muscle in the leg that acts on the knee alone? What does it do? What is it innervated by?
Popliteus muscle.
Medically rotates the tibia to unlock the knee during the gait cycle.
Tibial nerve.
A problem with what usually leads to pathological locking of the knee?
Meniscus.
In pathological locking of the knee, what position does it most commonly lock in?
Flexed position with patients unable to straighten their leg.
What is a bursa?
Sac filled with synovial fluid.
What is the function of a bursa?
Acts to reduce ware and tear and improve mobility.
What is housemaids knee?
Prepatella bursitis (on top of patella).
What is clergyman’s knee?
Infrapatella bursitis (just below patella).
What is a Baker’s cyst? How does it present?
Inflammation and swelling of the semimembranosus bursa.
Presents as a lump behind the knee, usually arise in conjunction with arthritis of the knee.
In what order around the leg to the anterior dermatomes arise?
L1 to S1 clockwise.
Which dermatome is hands in your pockets?
L2
Which dermatome is the big toe?
L4
Which dermatome is the little toe?
S1
Which dermatome is the posterior lower leg?
S1
Which dermatome is the posterior thigh?
S2
What dermatomes are the anal region?
S3 - S5
