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ANATOMY EXAM 1 > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebrae is the vertebral column composed of?

A

33 vertebrae

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2
Q

how many cervical vertebrae in vertebral column?

A

7

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3
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae in vertebral column?

A

12

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4
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae in vertebral column?

A

5

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5
Q

what is the name of the 5 sacral vertebrae that compose part of the vertebral column?

A

sacrum

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6
Q

what is the name of the 4 coccygeal vertebrae that compose the end part of the vertebral column?

A

coccyx

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7
Q

name the 2 concave anteriorly curvatures in adult column.

A

thoracic

sacral

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8
Q

kyphosis

A

concave anteriorly

PRIMARY

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9
Q

name the 2 concave posteriorly curvatures in adult column

A

cervical

lumbar

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10
Q

lordosis

A

concave posteriorly
SECONDARY
-adapted to new position
-begins when baby can start to hold their own neck

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11
Q

how many curvatures in and adult vertebral column?

A

4

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12
Q

Excessive kyphosis leads to…

A

humpback

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13
Q

excess lordosis leads to..

A

hollow back
(sway back)

-eg. pregnant women

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14
Q

scoliosis

A
  • abnormal lateral curvature

- vertebral column not straight

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15
Q

what happens when a disc is injured?

A

irritated and adds extra pressure to the spinal nerve

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16
Q

what is the way that a vertebral canal is formed?

A

vertebral notch –> vertebral foramen –> vertebral canal

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17
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

has foramen transversarium

  • C1 (Atlas)
  • C2 (Axis)
  • C7 (vertebrae prominens)
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18
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

-Costal Facets:
2 on each side of body (articular processes)
1 on each transverse process

total = 6 facets

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19
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

unique features:

  • body gets really big
  • more support & restriction of movement by the articular processes
  • superior AP face medially (towards each other)
  • inferior AP face laterally (away from each other)
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20
Q

how many sacrals make up the sacrum?

A

5

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21
Q

what is the foramen in the sacrum used for?

A

exit of central nerves

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22
Q

how many coccygeal make up the coccyx?

A

4

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23
Q

cervical rib

A
  • extra rib articulating with C7

- presence can cause a form of thoracic outlet syndrome(compression of brachial plexus or subclavian Vs.)

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24
Q

lumbar rib

A

extra rib articulating with L1

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25
sacralization
L5 is partially incorporated into the sacrum
26
lumbarization
S1 is partially separated from the rest of the sacrum
27
joints of the vertebral BODIES
``` intervertebral discs (IV discs) ```
28
what does the disc contain inside?
nucleus pulposus
29
what makes up the disc?
anulus fibrosus
30
what happens if we have a herneated disc?
the nucleus will get out of the anulus fibrosis and add pressure to the spinal nerve
31
joints of the vertebral ARCHES
``` Z joints (zygapophysial) ```
32
what the Z joints attach?
articular processes in Z shape
33
anterior longitudinal ligament
connects all vertebral bodies together - one long ligament from top to bottom of column - back up front of neck
34
posterior longitudinal ligament
connects back of vertebral column together. | -articulates with inferior articular process and bodies
35
what connects the lamina together?
ligamentum flavum | yellow in color
36
what does flava mean?
yellow elastic tissue
37
all the IV disks that conntect to the bodies are _____?
secondary cartilaginous joints
38
intertransverse ligaments
connect transverse process
39
interspinous ligaments
connect spines
40
supraspinous ligaments
connect JUST the tips of the spines back up back of neck
41
nuchal ligament | ligamentum nuchae
continuation of supraspinous ligament - gives extra support as it reaches the occipital bone - top of spines of vertebral
42
herniated disk
protrusion of the nucleus puposus into or through the annulus fibrosus -usually occur posterolaterally
43
calcification or air in disk leads to _____?
herniated disk. -leads to pressure on spinal nerve
44
laminectomy
surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae in a particular region of the vertebral column
45
why is laminectomy performed anatomically?
to gain access to vertebral column | -provide posterior exposure to the spinal cord
46
why is laminectomy performed surgically?
to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots caused by a tumor - herniated IV disc - bony hypertrophy (excess growth)
47
where does the spinal cord begin and end?
begin: medulla oblongata end: conus medullaris (medulla --> medullaris)
48
where does the spinal cord end in adults?
L1/L2
49
where does spinal cord end in children?
L3/L4
50
What are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord? where do they supply?
1. Cervical --> upper limbs | 2. Lumbar --> lower limbs
51
how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
52
how many spinal cervical nerves?
8
53
how many spinal thoracic nerves?
12
54
how many spinal lumbar nerves?
5
55
how many spinal sacral nerves?
5
56
how many spinal coccygeal nerves?
1
57
gray matter
- H-shaped appearance | - rich in nerve cell bodies
58
white matter
- rich in nerve cell processes - form large bundles or tracts of fibers brain --> spinal cord spinal cord --> brain
59
spinal sensory ganglion is attached to which root on spinal nerve?
posterior/dorsal root
60
anterior root is motor or sensory?
motor
61
posterior root is motor or sensory?
sensory
62
posterior (dorsal) ramus
- smaller in size | - skin & deep intrinsic back muscles
63
anterior (ventral) ramus
- LARGER in size - limbs & rest of trunk - all other muscles besides intrinsic back
64
conus medullaris
- end of spinal nerve - shaped like a cone - ends at about L1/L2
65
cauda equina
- horse tail | - bunch of spinal nerves surrounding conus medullaris
66
where do dura mater and arachnoid mater end?
S2
67
dura mater
- tough mother - tough, fibrous & outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord - dural root sleeve - epidural space - subdural space - ends at S2
68
T or F: epidural and subdural space are BOTH in spinal cord and brain
False, these spaces are only in the spinal cord
69
epidural space
space between dura mater and boney canal of vertebrae
70
arachnoid mater
- delicate membrane lines the dural sac - has a subarachnoid space that contains CSF - ends at C2
71
subarachnoid space
space below the arachnoid mater and dural sac | -contains CSF
72
CSF
cerebral spinal fluid
73
pia mater
- thin, delicate, tender - ends as filum terminale (single fiber: white, shiny) - denticulate ligament -attaches to back of coyccx to support the spinal cord
74
denticulate ligament
very white shiny part that comes from the pia | -pierces through arachnoid to attach to dura
75
lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
-passage of a needle into the subarahnoid space (CSF space)
76
where is the spinal tap usually between?
L3 and L4 vertebrae
77
what are the 2 reasons why you would need a lumbar puncture?
1. obtain a sample of CSF for examination | 2. inject antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, anesthetics
78
Dermatomes
segmental innervation of skin by 3 separate spinal nerves (as in skin or trunk)
79
peripheral nerves
innervation of skin by 3 spinal nerves COMBINED into one peripheral nerve through plexus formation (as in skin of limbs)
80
if doing a laminectomy, what is the first ligament you get before touching the spinal cord?
ligamentum flavum

ANATOMY EXAM 1 (7 decks)

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