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ANATOMY EXAM 1 > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebrae is the vertebral column composed of?

A

33 vertebrae

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2
Q

how many cervical vertebrae in vertebral column?

A

7

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3
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae in vertebral column?

A

12

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4
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae in vertebral column?

A

5

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5
Q

what is the name of the 5 sacral vertebrae that compose part of the vertebral column?

A

sacrum

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6
Q

what is the name of the 4 coccygeal vertebrae that compose the end part of the vertebral column?

A

coccyx

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7
Q

name the 2 concave anteriorly curvatures in adult column.

A

thoracic

sacral

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8
Q

kyphosis

A

concave anteriorly

PRIMARY

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9
Q

name the 2 concave posteriorly curvatures in adult column

A

cervical

lumbar

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10
Q

lordosis

A

concave posteriorly
SECONDARY
-adapted to new position
-begins when baby can start to hold their own neck

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11
Q

how many curvatures in and adult vertebral column?

A

4

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12
Q

Excessive kyphosis leads to…

A

humpback

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13
Q

excess lordosis leads to..

A

hollow back
(sway back)

-eg. pregnant women

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14
Q

scoliosis

A
  • abnormal lateral curvature

- vertebral column not straight

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15
Q

what happens when a disc is injured?

A

irritated and adds extra pressure to the spinal nerve

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16
Q

what is the way that a vertebral canal is formed?

A

vertebral notch –> vertebral foramen –> vertebral canal

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17
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

has foramen transversarium

  • C1 (Atlas)
  • C2 (Axis)
  • C7 (vertebrae prominens)
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18
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

-Costal Facets:
2 on each side of body (articular processes)
1 on each transverse process

total = 6 facets

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19
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

unique features:

  • body gets really big
  • more support & restriction of movement by the articular processes
  • superior AP face medially (towards each other)
  • inferior AP face laterally (away from each other)
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20
Q

how many sacrals make up the sacrum?

A

5

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21
Q

what is the foramen in the sacrum used for?

A

exit of central nerves

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22
Q

how many coccygeal make up the coccyx?

A

4

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23
Q

cervical rib

A
  • extra rib articulating with C7

- presence can cause a form of thoracic outlet syndrome(compression of brachial plexus or subclavian Vs.)

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24
Q

lumbar rib

A

extra rib articulating with L1

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25
Q

sacralization

A

L5 is partially incorporated into the sacrum

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26
Q

lumbarization

A

S1 is partially separated from the rest of the sacrum

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27
Q

joints of the vertebral BODIES

A 
intervertebral discs 
(IV discs)
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28
Q

what does the disc contain inside?

A

nucleus pulposus

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29
Q

what makes up the disc?

A

anulus fibrosus

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30
Q

what happens if we have a herneated disc?

A

the nucleus will get out of the anulus fibrosis and add pressure to the spinal nerve

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31
Q

joints of the vertebral ARCHES

A 
Z joints 
(zygapophysial)
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32
Q

what the Z joints attach?

A

articular processes in Z shape

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33
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects all vertebral bodies together

  • one long ligament from top to bottom of column
  • back up front of neck
34
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects back of vertebral column together.

-articulates with inferior articular process and bodies

35
Q

what connects the lamina together?

A

ligamentum flavum

yellow in color

36
Q

what does flava mean?

A

yellow elastic tissue

37
Q

all the IV disks that conntect to the bodies are _____?

A

secondary cartilaginous joints

38
Q

intertransverse ligaments

A

connect transverse process

39
Q

interspinous ligaments

A

connect spines

40
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A

connect JUST the tips of the spines

back up back of neck

41
Q

nuchal ligament

ligamentum nuchae

A

continuation of supraspinous ligament

  • gives extra support as it reaches the occipital bone
  • top of spines of vertebral
42
Q

herniated disk

A

protrusion of the nucleus puposus into or through the annulus fibrosus

-usually occur posterolaterally

43
Q

calcification or air in disk leads to _____?

A

herniated disk.

-leads to pressure on spinal nerve

44
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae in a particular region of the vertebral column

45
Q

why is laminectomy performed anatomically?

A

to gain access to vertebral column

-provide posterior exposure to the spinal cord

46
Q

why is laminectomy performed surgically?

A

to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots caused by a tumor

  • herniated IV disc
  • bony hypertrophy (excess growth)
47
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

begin: medulla oblongata
end: conus medullaris

(medulla –> medullaris)

48
Q

where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L1/L2

49
Q

where does spinal cord end in children?

A

L3/L4

50
Q

What are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord? where do they supply?

A
  1. Cervical –> upper limbs

2. Lumbar –> lower limbs

51
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

52
Q

how many spinal cervical nerves?

A

8

53
Q

how many spinal thoracic nerves?

A

12

54
Q

how many spinal lumbar nerves?

A

5

55
Q

how many spinal sacral nerves?

A

5

56
Q

how many spinal coccygeal nerves?

A

1

57
Q

gray matter

A
  • H-shaped appearance

- rich in nerve cell bodies

58
Q

white matter

A
  • rich in nerve cell processes
  • form large bundles or tracts of fibers

brain –> spinal cord
spinal cord –> brain

59
Q

spinal sensory ganglion is attached to which root on spinal nerve?

A

posterior/dorsal root

60
Q

anterior root is motor or sensory?

A

motor

61
Q

posterior root is motor or sensory?

A

sensory

62
Q

posterior (dorsal) ramus

A
  • smaller in size

- skin & deep intrinsic back muscles

63
Q

anterior (ventral) ramus

A
  • LARGER in size
  • limbs & rest of trunk
  • all other muscles besides intrinsic back
64
Q

conus medullaris

A
  • end of spinal nerve
  • shaped like a cone
  • ends at about L1/L2
65
Q

cauda equina

A
  • horse tail

- bunch of spinal nerves surrounding conus medullaris

66
Q

where do dura mater and arachnoid mater end?

A

S2

67
Q

dura mater

A
  • tough mother
  • tough, fibrous & outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord
  • dural root sleeve
  • epidural space
  • subdural space
  • ends at S2
68
Q

T or F: epidural and subdural space are BOTH in spinal cord and brain

A

False, these spaces are only in the spinal cord

69
Q

epidural space

A

space between dura mater and boney canal of vertebrae

70
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • delicate membrane lines the dural sac
  • has a subarachnoid space that contains CSF
  • ends at C2
71
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space below the arachnoid mater and dural sac

-contains CSF

72
Q

CSF

A

cerebral spinal fluid

73
Q

pia mater

A
  • thin, delicate, tender
  • ends as filum terminale (single fiber: white, shiny)
  • denticulate ligament

-attaches to back of coyccx to support the spinal cord

74
Q

denticulate ligament

A

very white shiny part that comes from the pia

-pierces through arachnoid to attach to dura

75
Q

lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

A

-passage of a needle into the subarahnoid space (CSF space)

76
Q

where is the spinal tap usually between?

A

L3 and L4 vertebrae

77
Q

what are the 2 reasons why you would need a lumbar puncture?

A
  1. obtain a sample of CSF for examination

2. inject antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, anesthetics

78
Q

Dermatomes

A

segmental innervation of skin by 3 separate spinal nerves (as in skin or trunk)

79
Q

peripheral nerves

A

innervation of skin by 3 spinal nerves COMBINED into one peripheral nerve through plexus formation (as in skin of limbs)

80
Q

if doing a laminectomy, what is the first ligament you get before touching the spinal cord?

A

ligamentum flavum

ANATOMY EXAM 1 (7 decks)

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