Body Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Median (median sagittal)
A
cutting body into 1/2 vertically
-equal right & left halves
2
Q
Sagittal Plane/midsagittal
A
parallel to median plane
3
Q
coronal/frontal plane
A
vertically cut body into anterior and posterior (front & back)
-perpendicular to median sagittal plane
4
Q
transverse/horizontal plane
A
divides body into 1/2
- superior & inferior parts
- horizontal cut
5
Q
anterior (ventral)
A
in front of
6
Q
posterior (dorsal)
A
in back of
7
Q
superior
A
above another structure
-up (cranial)
8
Q
inferior
A
below another structure
-down (caudal)
9
Q
deep
A
(internal)
further away from the body surface
10
Q
superficial
A
(external)
closer to body surface
11
Q
medial
A
closer to sagittal
12
Q
lateral
A
away from sagittal
13
Q
proximal
A
closer to the body
14
Q
distal
A
away from the body
15
Q
ipsilateral
A
same side of the body
16
Q
contralateral
A
opposite side of the body
17
Q
cranial
A
brain
18
Q
caudal
A
feet
19
Q
intermediate
A
in between superficial & deep
20
Q
anatomical position
A
- standing
- feet together pointing forward
- palms forward (no bones crossed)
- arms at sides
- looking forward
- lower limbs together
- neck vertical
21
Q
flexion
A
decrease the angle of the joint
- brings 2 bones closer
- eg. knee and elbow
closing down parts (bend down and touch toes)
22
Q
extension
A
increases the angle of the joint
-opposite of flexion
open up things (bend backwards)
23
Q
aBduction
A
movement of limb away from the midline
-away from the body
24
Q
aDduction
A
movement of limb toward the midline
- closer to body
- adding to body
- opposite of abduction
25
supination
lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face anteriorly
- radius and ulna are parallel
- holding soup hand cup UP
26
pronation
medial rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face posteriorly
- radius rotates over ulna
- pouring the soup
27
rotation
movement of bone around its longitudinal axis
-common in ball & socket joints
28
inversion
movement of the sole towards the midline
-turning the sole of the foot inwards or medially
29
eversion
movement of sole away from the midline
-turning the sole of the foot outwards or laterally
30
dorsiflexion
lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
-pointing toes and pulling forward when stretching
31
plantar flexion
depressing the foot
-pointing toes
32
circumduction
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
- common in ball and socket joints
- only occurs in shoulder and hip (circle around)
33
protraction
move forward
34
retraction
move back
35
what two skeletons make up the skeletal system?
1. Axial Skeleton
| 2. Appendicular skeleton
36
axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column (spine), ribs, sternum
form "axis or central line of the body
37
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs, clavicle, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which attach to the limbs of the body's axis
38
what is the connection between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
clavicle & sternum
39
name the different types of long bones
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular bone
- sesamoid
40
what are bones classified according to?
position and shape
41
sesamoid
bone inside tendon or ligament (eg. patella)
42
Bone Features
1. articular surface
- facet, condyle, epicondyle
2. sharp bony prominence
- process, protuberance, crest, spine
3. Blunt bony prominence
tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
4. Bony depression
fossa, groove, fissure
5. Bony Hole
foramen, meatus
43
What are the 3 types of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
44
what is the most common type of joint? give an example.
synovial
| -eg. knee
45
Fibrous joint
-bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers
2 types
- suture (short fibers)
- syndesmosis (long fibers)
46
interossesous membrane
in between bone
- syndesmosis
eg. between ulna and radius
47
cartilaginous joint
bone ends/parts united by cartilage
2 types:
- Primary synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
- Secondary symphysis (fibrocartilage)
48
Synovial Joint
moveable joints, reinforced by ligaments
- bone end/parts covered with articular cartilage
- enclosed within an articular capsule
- lined with synovial membrane
- -> secretes synovial fluid to lubricate it and allow movement w/o making noise
49
list the types of synovial joints (6)
1. plane
2. Pivot
3. Hinge
4. Saddle
5. Condylar
6. Ball & Socket
50
Plane (synovial joint)
permit gliding and sliding movement
- nonaxial
- flat articular surfaces
- eg. intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints betweent vertebral articular surfaces
51
Ball & socket (synovial joint)
- multiaxial movement
- joint has rounded head
- fits into a concavity
- allows movement on several axes
- circumduction
- eg. shoulder and hip joints
52
Hinge (synovial joint)
- uniaxial
- ONLY flexion & extension
- eg. elbow and interphalangeal joints
53
pivot (synovial joint)
- uniaxial
- allows rotation
- rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket
eg. ulna & radius
54
Condylar (synovial joint)
- biaxial
- allows flexion & extension
- abduction & adduction
- circumduction
- eg. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) & wrist joint
55
Saddle (synovial joint)
- biaxial
- saddle-shaped heads permit movement
- flexion & extension
- adduction & abduction
- eg. carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
56
fascia
divided into superficial & deep layers
57
superficial fascia
- lies deep to the dermis
- subcutaneous tissue
- connected to deep fascia
58
deep fascia
- dense
- ORGANIZED connective tissue layer
- covers most of the body parallel to (deep to) the skin and subcutaneous tissue
59
investing deep fascia
- extensions from deep fascia internal surface
| - eg. individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
60
intermuscular septa
- thick sheets of deep fascia
- extend centrally from surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bones
- eg. in limbs
- -> groups of muscles w/ similar functions share the same nerve supply are located in fascial compartments
61
origins & insertions
site where muscles are attached to bones via tendons
62
an aponeurosis
flattened tendon which attaches a flattened muscles
63
a raphe
where the symmetrical halves of a muscle fuse the intersection
64
synovial sheath
where tendons cross joints
65
what are the three types of blood vessels?
1. arteries
2. veins
3. capillaries
66
T or F: arms and legs have one-way valves
true. act to prevent back-flow of blood
67
varicose veins
when one-way valves do not work as they should
- pressure builds up
- veins become weak, large, and twisted
68
Arteries
1. carry blood from heart to body
2. thick elastic wall, more rigid, blood flow under high pressure
3. carry oxygenated blood
- -> except pulmonary & umbilical artery
4. branches, no valves
69
Veins
1. carry blood from body to heart
2. thin non-elastic wall, collapsible, blood flow under low pressure
3. carry DEOXYGENATED blood
- -> except pulmonary & umbilical vein
4. tributaries, have valves
70
what makes up the lymphatic system?
- lymph
- lymphoid organs
- lymph vessels
71
lymph
watery fluid resembles the plasma
| -contains lymphocytes
72
lymphoid organs
- tonsils
- thymus
- spleen
- bone marrow
- lymph nodes
73
lymph vessels
network of capillaries that transport the lymph and lymphocytes
74
what is the nervous system composed of?
- central nervous system (CNS)
| - peripheral nervous system (PNS)
75
CNS
brain & spinal cord
76
PNS
somatic NS & autonomic NS
77
somatic NS
- skin, skeletal muscles & joints
- composed of motor (efferent) & sensory (afferent) neurons
- efferent carries impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
- afferent carries sensory info to the CNS
78
autonomic NS
- cardiac muscle, glands, & all smooth muscles (vessels & viscera)
- enteric system
-composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
79
sympathetic NS
- controls fight or flight reaction
| - eg. dilation of pupils, increase HR, decrease in activity of gut
80
parasympathetic NS
- rest & digest
| - eg. increase activity of gut
