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ANATOMY EXAM 1 > Body Terminology > Flashcards

Body Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Median (median sagittal)

A

cutting body into 1/2 vertically

-equal right & left halves

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2
Q

Sagittal Plane/midsagittal

A

parallel to median plane

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3
Q

coronal/frontal plane

A

vertically cut body into anterior and posterior (front & back)

-perpendicular to median sagittal plane

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4
Q

transverse/horizontal plane

A

divides body into 1/2

  • superior & inferior parts
  • horizontal cut
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5
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

in front of

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6
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

in back of

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7
Q

superior

A

above another structure

-up (cranial)

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8
Q

inferior

A

below another structure

-down (caudal)

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9
Q

deep

A

(internal)

further away from the body surface

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10
Q

superficial

A

(external)

closer to body surface

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11
Q

medial

A

closer to sagittal

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12
Q

lateral

A

away from sagittal

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13
Q

proximal

A

closer to the body

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14
Q

distal

A

away from the body

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of the body

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16
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side of the body

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17
Q

cranial

A

brain

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18
Q

caudal

A

feet

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19
Q

intermediate

A

in between superficial & deep

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20
Q

anatomical position

A
  • standing
  • feet together pointing forward
  • palms forward (no bones crossed)
  • arms at sides
  • looking forward
  • lower limbs together
  • neck vertical
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21
Q

flexion

A

decrease the angle of the joint

  • brings 2 bones closer
  • eg. knee and elbow

closing down parts (bend down and touch toes)

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22
Q

extension

A

increases the angle of the joint
-opposite of flexion

open up things (bend backwards)

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23
Q

aBduction

A

movement of limb away from the midline

-away from the body

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24
Q

aDduction

A

movement of limb toward the midline

  • closer to body
  • adding to body
  • opposite of abduction
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25
Q

supination

A

lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face anteriorly

  • radius and ulna are parallel
  • holding soup hand cup UP
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26
Q

pronation

A

medial rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face posteriorly

  • radius rotates over ulna
  • pouring the soup
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27
Q

rotation

A

movement of bone around its longitudinal axis

-common in ball & socket joints

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28
Q

inversion

A

movement of the sole towards the midline

-turning the sole of the foot inwards or medially

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29
Q

eversion

A

movement of sole away from the midline

-turning the sole of the foot outwards or laterally

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30
Q

dorsiflexion

A

lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

-pointing toes and pulling forward when stretching

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31
Q

plantar flexion

A

depressing the foot

-pointing toes

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32
Q

circumduction

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

  • common in ball and socket joints
  • only occurs in shoulder and hip (circle around)
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33
Q

protraction

A

move forward

34
Q

retraction

A

move back

35
Q

what two skeletons make up the skeletal system?

A
  1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular skeleton

36
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of the skull, vertebral column (spine), ribs, sternum

form “axis or central line of the body

37
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs, clavicle, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which attach to the limbs of the body’s axis

38
Q

what is the connection between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

clavicle & sternum

39
Q

name the different types of long bones

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular bone
  • sesamoid
40
Q

what are bones classified according to?

A

position and shape

41
Q

sesamoid

A

bone inside tendon or ligament (eg. patella)

42
Q

Bone Features

A
  1. articular surface
    • facet, condyle, epicondyle
  2. sharp bony prominence
    • process, protuberance, crest, spine
  3. Blunt bony prominence
    tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
  4. Bony depression
    fossa, groove, fissure
  5. Bony Hole
    foramen, meatus
43
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
44
Q

what is the most common type of joint? give an example.

A

synovial

-eg. knee

45
Q

Fibrous joint

A

-bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers

2 types

  • suture (short fibers)
  • syndesmosis (long fibers)
46
Q

interossesous membrane

A

in between bone

  • syndesmosis
    eg. between ulna and radius
47
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

bone ends/parts united by cartilage

2 types:

  • Primary synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
  • Secondary symphysis (fibrocartilage)
48
Q

Synovial Joint

A

moveable joints, reinforced by ligaments

  • bone end/parts covered with articular cartilage
  • enclosed within an articular capsule
  • lined with synovial membrane
    • -> secretes synovial fluid to lubricate it and allow movement w/o making noise
49
Q

list the types of synovial joints (6)

A
  1. plane
  2. Pivot
  3. Hinge
  4. Saddle
  5. Condylar
  6. Ball & Socket
50
Q

Plane (synovial joint)

A

permit gliding and sliding movement

  • nonaxial
  • flat articular surfaces
  • eg. intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints betweent vertebral articular surfaces
51
Q

Ball & socket (synovial joint)

A
  • multiaxial movement
  • joint has rounded head
  • fits into a concavity
  • allows movement on several axes
  • circumduction
  • eg. shoulder and hip joints
52
Q

Hinge (synovial joint)

A
  • uniaxial
  • ONLY flexion & extension
  • eg. elbow and interphalangeal joints
53
Q

pivot (synovial joint)

A
  • uniaxial
  • allows rotation
  • rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket
    eg. ulna & radius
54
Q

Condylar (synovial joint)

A
  • biaxial
  • allows flexion & extension
  • abduction & adduction
  • circumduction
  • eg. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) & wrist joint
55
Q

Saddle (synovial joint)

A
  • biaxial
  • saddle-shaped heads permit movement
  • flexion & extension
  • adduction & abduction
  • eg. carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
56
Q

fascia

A

divided into superficial & deep layers

57
Q

superficial fascia

A
  • lies deep to the dermis
  • subcutaneous tissue
  • connected to deep fascia
58
Q

deep fascia

A
  • dense
  • ORGANIZED connective tissue layer
  • covers most of the body parallel to (deep to) the skin and subcutaneous tissue
59
Q

investing deep fascia

A
  • extensions from deep fascia internal surface

- eg. individual muscles and neurovascular bundles

60
Q

intermuscular septa

A
  • thick sheets of deep fascia
  • extend centrally from surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bones
  • eg. in limbs
  • -> groups of muscles w/ similar functions share the same nerve supply are located in fascial compartments
61
Q

origins & insertions

A

site where muscles are attached to bones via tendons

62
Q

an aponeurosis

A

flattened tendon which attaches a flattened muscles

63
Q

a raphe

A

where the symmetrical halves of a muscle fuse the intersection

64
Q

synovial sheath

A

where tendons cross joints

65
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  1. arteries
  2. veins
  3. capillaries
66
Q

T or F: arms and legs have one-way valves

A

true. act to prevent back-flow of blood

67
Q

varicose veins

A

when one-way valves do not work as they should

  • pressure builds up
  • veins become weak, large, and twisted
68
Q

Arteries

A
  1. carry blood from heart to body
  2. thick elastic wall, more rigid, blood flow under high pressure
  3. carry oxygenated blood
    • -> except pulmonary & umbilical artery
  4. branches, no valves
69
Q

Veins

A
  1. carry blood from body to heart
  2. thin non-elastic wall, collapsible, blood flow under low pressure
  3. carry DEOXYGENATED blood
    • -> except pulmonary & umbilical vein
  4. tributaries, have valves
70
Q

what makes up the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph
  • lymphoid organs
  • lymph vessels
71
Q

lymph

A

watery fluid resembles the plasma

-contains lymphocytes

72
Q

lymphoid organs

A
  • tonsils
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • lymph nodes
73
Q

lymph vessels

A

network of capillaries that transport the lymph and lymphocytes

74
Q

what is the nervous system composed of?

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

75
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

76
Q

PNS

A

somatic NS & autonomic NS

77
Q

somatic NS

A
  • skin, skeletal muscles & joints
  • composed of motor (efferent) & sensory (afferent) neurons
  • efferent carries impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
  • afferent carries sensory info to the CNS
78
Q

autonomic NS

A
  • cardiac muscle, glands, & all smooth muscles (vessels & viscera)
  • enteric system

-composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

79
Q

sympathetic NS

A
  • controls fight or flight reaction

- eg. dilation of pupils, increase HR, decrease in activity of gut

80
Q

parasympathetic NS

A
  • rest & digest

- eg. increase activity of gut

ANATOMY EXAM 1 (7 decks)

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