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SHB > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column

A

33 vertebrae - 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx

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2
Q

Kyphosis

A

Original spinal curvature since birth; maintained in the thoracic and sacral region; primary curvature; and concave anteriorly (outwards)

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3
Q

Lordosis

A

New curvature; found in the cervical and lumbar region; secondary curvature; concave posteriorly (inwards)

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4
Q

Cervical lordosis

A

Secondary curvature acquired when the infant can support the weight of the head

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5
Q

Lumbar lordosis

A

Secondary curvature acquired when the infant walks and supports his/her own weight

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6
Q

Excessive kyphosis

A

Humpback, hunchback

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7
Q

Excessive lordosis

A

Hollowback, swayback

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8
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

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9
Q

Which vertebrae contain transverse foramen?

A

Cervical vertebrae

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10
Q

Which vertebrae bear facets for the ribs?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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11
Q

Which vertebrae have a massive body?

A

Lumbar vertebrae - intended to support more weight

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12
Q

What is the sacrum composed of?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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13
Q

What is the coccyx composed of?

A

4 vertebrae, with the last 3 often fused into a single bone

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14
Q

What does the coccyx lack?

A

Vertebral arches and a vertebral canal

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15
Q

Cervical rib

A

Extra rib articulating with C7. The presence of a cervical rib can cause a form of thoracic outlet syndrome (compression of the brachial plexus or subclavian Vs)

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16
Q

Lumbar rib

A

Extra rib articulating with L1

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17
Q

Sacralization

A

L5 is partially incorporated into the sacrum

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18
Q

Lumbarization

A

S1 is separated from the rest of the sacrum

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19
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Joints of the vertebral bodies

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20
Q

What do IV discs contain?

A

IV discs are secondary cartilaginous joints designed for weight-bearing and strength. It contains an annulus fibrosis, which is an outer fibrous part, composed of concentric lamellae of fibro-cartilage, as well as a nucleus pulposus, which is a gelatinous central mass.

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21
Q

Herniated disc

A

A protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into or through the annulus fibrosis

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22
Q

Z discs

A

Joints of the vertebral arches

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23
Q

Where are Z discs found and what do they do?

A

Z discs are found between superior and inferior articular processes/facets. They allow for some gliding and sliding movement.

24
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Connects anterior vertebral bodies and IV discs

25
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Connects posterior vertebral bodies and IV discs

26
Q

LIgamentum flavum

A

Connects adjacent vertebral laminae

27
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Connects vertebral spines

28
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Connects vertebral spine tips

29
Q

Intertransverse ligament

A

Connects vertebral transverse processes

30
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

A strong triangular ligament at the back of the neck. It is essentially the direct continuation of the supraspinous ligament

31
Q

Laminectomy

A

The surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae in a particular region of the vertebral column

32
Q

The spinal cord begins as…

A

A continuation of the medulla oblongata (the caudal part of the brainstem)

33
Q

The spinal cord ends as…

A

The conus medullaris

34
Q

Where does the spinal cord lie?

A

It lies in the vertebral canal and it extends from the foramen magnum to the level of L1 or L2 (in adults) or L3 (in children)

35
Q

Cauda equina

A

The loose bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and the conus medullaris

36
Q

Grey matter of the spinal cord

A

Cell bodies, soma

37
Q

White matter of the spinal cord

A

Axons, tracts

38
Q

Cervical enlargement of the spinal cord

A

From C5 to T1, innervates the upper limbs

39
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord

A

From L1 to S3, innervates the lower limbs

40
Q

Arterial supply of the spinal cord

A

One anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries

41
Q

Venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

Drain into an extensive internal vertebral plexus in the extradural (epidural) space of the vertebral canal

42
Q

Dura mater

A

Forms a tough, outer protective layer. Extends from the margin of the foramen magnum to the level of S2. Has a subdural and an epidural space

43
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Very thin and delicate, contains subarachnoid space

44
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

A wide space between the pia and arachnoid mater that contains CSF, ends opposite S2

45
Q

Pia mater

A

Close to the spinal cord and continues as the filum terminale; contains lateral extensions called denticulate ligaments

46
Q

Filum terminale

A

A thin and delicate ligament which extends from the conus medullaris to the coccyx. It is composed primarily of pia mater. It has two parts - pial and dural

47
Q

Denticulate ligament

A

A toothed ligament formed by the pia mater that extends laterally and pierces the arachnoid to be attached to the dura between two spinal roots

48
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

A spinal tap; the passage of a needle into the subarachnoid space between L3 and L4 to obtain CSF or to inject treatments

49
Q

List the arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal (from the outside to inside)

A 
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid space
Subarachnoid space with CSF
Pia mater
Spinal cord and cauda equina
50
Q

Spinal nerves

A

There are 31 spinal nerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccyx

51
Q

Anterior (ventral) nerve roots

A

Consist of motor (efferent) fibers

52
Q

Posterior (dorsal) nerve roots

A

Consist of sensory (afferent) fibers

53
Q

Mixed spinal nerve

A

The posterior and the anterior nerve roots unite at around the intervertebral foramen which divides into two rami; contain both sensory and motor fibers

54
Q

Dorsal (posterior) rami

A

Small ramus that conveys motor and sensory information to the skin and the intrinsic back skeletal muscles

55
Q

Ventral (anterior) rami

A

Large ramus that conveys motor and sensory information to the skin and the skeletal muscles of the neck, limbs, and trunk

SHB (11 decks)

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