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ESA 2- MSK > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

0
Q
  • Which bones are supported by the vertebral column?
A
  • Head
  • Ribs
  • Upper limb (indirectly)
  • Articulates with hip bones (hip bones take most of the weight)
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1
Q

What are the gross functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • Centre of gravity of body
  • Attachments for bones
  • Attachments for trunk muscles
  • Protection and passage for spinal cord
  • Segmental innervation of the body
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2
Q
  • How does the vertebral column allow for protection and passage of the spinal-cord?
A
  • Acts as conduit for nerve fibres to pass efferent and afferents
  • Allows segmental nerves to leave or join cord
  • Neuronal assembly in the form of the spinal cord
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3
Q

What are the normal curvatures in a human vertebral column?

A
  • 2 primary: anterior concave C shaped curves

- 2 secondary: cervical and lumbar curvatures, posteriorly

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4
Q

What are the sections of the vertebral column in descending order?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
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5
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A
  • 33
  • 24 can move individually
  • 5 fuse to form sacrum
  • 4 fuse to form coccyx
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6
Q

What is the role of the vertebral body?

A
  • Main site of contact between adjacent vertebrae

- Linked via intervertebral discs

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7
Q

What is the vertebral body lined with?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
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8
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the vertebral arch and where are they situated?

A
  • Spinous process: midline and posterior
  • Transverse process: laterally, one on each side of midline
  • Pedicle: between ventral body and transverse process
  • Lamina: between transverse and spinous processes
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9
Q

What is the role of the articular process found on the vertebrae?

A
  • Allows synovial joints to be formed between neural arches of adjacent vertebrae
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10
Q

What is the intervertebral disc what is also known as and what is its role?

A
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints between vertebral bodies
  • Symphises
  • Allows for flexibility and shock absorbency
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11
Q

What are the two main regions of the intervertebral disc?

A
  • Nucleus pulposus (central)

- Annulus fibrosis (peripheral)

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12
Q

Which part of the intervertebral disc is the main shock absorber and the main strength?

A
  • Annulus fibrosis
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13
Q

What best describes the nucleus pulposus?

A
  • Jelly
  • High osmotic pressure
  • Acts as a water reservoir
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14
Q

What is a ‘slipped disc’?

A
  • When the nucleus pulposus herniates through the annulus fibrosis if there’s degeneration
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15
Q

What can degeneration of the nucleus pulposus lead to?

A
  • Osteoarthritis of joints leading to congestion of intervertebral foramen and compression of segmental nerves
  • Nucleus pulposus degenerates with age leading to a decrease in height of the IV disc increasing the stress on facet joints
16
Q

What happens during degenerative annular disease?

A
  • Marginal osteophytosis at end plates

- Height of disc is largely preserved

17
Q

What are the two main ligaments in the vertebral column and what do they do?

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Strap vertebrae and intervertebral discs together
18
Q

What is the specific role of the anterior longitudinal ligament and where does it originate and insert and it’s shape?

A
  • Flat band that broadens as passes downwards
  • Extends from anterior tubercle of atlas to front of upper part of sacrum
  • Prevents over-extension of vertebral column
19
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament look like, it’s role and it’s origin and insertion?

A
  • Extends from 2nd cervical vertebrae to canal of sacrum
  • Gradually narrows as passes downwards
  • Narrows as passes over vertebral bodies
  • Provides support and prevents excess flexion
20
Q

What are the other ligaments present on the vertebral column and what do they do?

A
  • Supraspinous: connects tips of spinous process
  • Intertransverse: connects tips of transverse process
  • Ligamentum flavum: connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
  • Ligament nuchae: major site of attachment of neck and trunk muscles
21
Q

What does the atlas articulate with?

A
  • Skull above and axis below
22
Q

What are the characteristics of the atlas?

A
  • Lacks body and spinous process

- Widest cervical vertebrae

23
Q

What are the characteristics of the axis?

A
  • Strongest cervical vertebrae

- Dens prevents horizontal displacement of atlas

24
Q

What are the main three deformities relating to the vertebral column?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Kyphosis
  • Lordosis
25
Q

What is scoliosis?

A
  • C-shaped curve to the left

- Unbalanced muscle tone of trunk muscles between L&R

26
Q

What is kyphosis?

A
  • Exaggeration of posterior thoracic curvature
27
Q

What is lordosis?

A
  • Kyphosis of the lumbar region

ESA 2- MSK (10 decks)

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