동사 어미 - Verb Endings

Question 1

-아/어/여요

Answer 1

Polite present tense (informal polite)
Ex: 먹어요 (I eat), 해요 (I do)

Question 2

-았/었/였어요

Answer 2

Past tense (informal polite)
Ex: 갔어요 (went), 했어요 (did)

Question 3

-고 있다

Answer 3

Progressive tense (be ~ing)
Ex: 공부하고 있어요 (I’m studying)

When added to the end of a verb or adj, it indicates that you’re presently and currently doing this… think going, doing, reading, etc

Question 4

-겠다

Answer 4

Future intention or guess
Ex: 먹겠어요 (I will eat / I guess they’ll eat)

Question 5

-(으)ㄹ 거예요

Answer 5

Future tense (I will ~)
Ex: 갈 거예요 (will go)

Question 6

-(으)면

Answer 6

Conditional (if~)
Ex: 오면 말해 주세요 (If they come, let me know)

Question 7

-고 싶다

Answer 7

Want to ~
Ex: 배우고 싶어요 (I want to learn)

Question 8

고 싶해요

Answer 8

When someone else who is not the speaker or 2nd person (you) wants to

Ex: 샘씨는 가고 싶해요 Sam wants to come

Question 9

-(으)니까

Answer 9

Because / Since (cause-reason connector)
Ex: 바쁘니까 나중에 전화할게요 (Since I’m busy, I’ll call later)

For personal judgments, strong reasons, or when giving commands or suggestions.

OK with commands and suggestions!

Examples:

배고프니까 밥 먹자.
(I’m hungry, so let’s eat.)

늦었으니까 빨리 가!
(It’s late, so hurry!)

Question 10

-지만

Answer 10

But / Although
Ex: 좋아하지만 비싸요 (I like it, but it’s expensive)

Question 11

-고

Answer 11

And (connects two verbs)
Ex: 먹고 자요 (Eat and sleep)

Question 12

-(으)러 가다/오다

Answer 12

Go/come in order to ~
Ex: 공부하러 갔어요 (Went to study)

Question 13

-(으)려고 하다

Answer 13

To intend to / plan to ~
Ex: 일하려고 해요 (I’m planning to work)

Question 14

-(으)니까요

Answer 14

Because (explanatory, emphatic)
Ex: 바쁘니까요! (Because I’m busy!)

Question 15

-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다

Answer 15

It seems / I think that ~
Ex: 좋은 것 같아요 (I think it’s good)

Question 16

지 마(세요)

Answer 16

Negative command — “Don’t ~”

Casual: ~지 마
Polite: ~지 마세요
Formal: ~지 마십시오

Question 17

서/ 아서 / 어서/ 해서

Answer 17

Connective ending meaning “so / because” or “and then” depending on context. Used for natural cause/effect, and polite everyday speech.

You can’t use imperatives or suggestions in the second clause.
(Ex: “배고파서 먹자” ❌ Wrong!)

Usage 1: Cause & Effect (because)

Ex:
배고파서 밥을 먹었어요.
(I was hungry, so I ate.)

아파서 학교에 안 갔어요.
(I was sick, so I didn’t go to school.)
—
Usage 2: Sequence (and then)

Ex:
일어나서 씻었어요.
(I got up and then washed up.)

책을 읽어서 잤어요.
(I read a book and then went to sleep.)

Quick Notes:

You attach ~서 to the verb/adjective stem.

~해서, ~먹어서, ~좋아서 — the form depends on the verb’s stem ending.

Question 18

아/어야 하다 (되다)/ ~해야지 (반말)

Answer 18

Have to / Must” — expresses necessity or obligation

Question 19

아/어서는 안 되다

Answer 19

“Must not / Should not” — Prohibitive expression.

Question 20

~아/어도 되다/ ~아/어도 돼요

Answer 20

“May / Can / Is it okay if” — Expresses permission.

Question 21

~요

Answer 21

Polite ending (present tense).
Example: 먹어요 → I eat / I’m eating (polite).

Question 22

~ㅂ니다 / ~습니다

Answer 22

Formal present tense ending.
Example: 갑니다 → I go (formal).

Question 23

N/Adj/Verb-인데/(으)ㄴ데/는데

Answer 23

Background info, contrast, or setup.
Example: 바쁜데 도와줄게요 → I’m busy, but I’ll help.

VERB + -(으)ㄴ/는데 connects two mildly contradicting things or when there is a notable/surprising coincidence.

아직 4월인데 벌써 덥다 = It is only April and it’s already hot. (contradiction)

Question 24

~자마자

Answer 24

As soon as.
Example: 도착하자마자 전화했어요 → I called as soon as I arrived.

Question 25

~기 전에

Answer 25

Before doing something. Example: 자기 전에 씻어요 → I wash before sleeping.

Question 26

~다가

Answer 26

While doing (interrupted or shifted). Example: 공부하다가 잤어요 → I fell asleep while studying.

Question 27

~더라면

Answer 27

If I had… (regret/past hypothetical). Example: 알았더라면 말했어요 → If I had known, I would’ve told you.

Question 28

~ㄴ/다면

Answer 28

If (more hypothetical). Example: 돈이 많다면 여행할 거예요 → If I had money, I’d travel.

Question 29

~지 않아도 돼요

Answer 29

Don’t have to. Example: 가지 않아도 돼요 → You don’t have to go.

Question 30

~ㄹ/을게요 (cas)

Answer 30

I will (promise/future). Example: 도와줄게요 → I’ll help.

Question 31

~지 않아요

Answer 31

Negative form ("don’t"). Example: 안 해요 = 하지 않아요 → I don’t do it.

Question 32

~ㅂ시다 / ~자

Answer 32

Let’s (formal/informal). Giving others no choice. Used by ppl in stage. Example: 같이 갑시다 / 같이 가자 → Let’s go together.

Question 33

~(으)세요

Answer 33

Polite command. Example: 앉으세요 → Please sit down.

Question 34

~ㄹ까요?

Answer 34

Shall we / Should we / Do you think? Example: 시작할까요? → Shall we begin? 연낙 가르쳐 드릴까요→ I'll give you my number

Question 35

~나요 / ~은가요?

Answer 35

Polite question tone. Example: 어디 가나요? → Where are you going?

Question 36

~()면서

Answer 36

While. Use after the verb to show you're doing 2 things at the same time

Question 37

아/어지다 connected with ~고 있다 = 아/어지고 있다

Answer 37

Turns from presently doing something to becoming something. Only attached to adjectives. ~고 있다 cannot be added to adjectives

Question 38

아/어지다

Answer 38

To become Ex:행복해지다--> to become happy (행복하다 + 아/어지다 → 행복해지다) Change of State & Passive Form

Question 39

~기로 했어요

Answer 39

Used to express an appt or promise already made to someone else. Add to the end of a verb only.

Question 40

~고 나서/~ 은/은 뒤 (에)/~ㄴ/은 후에

Answer 40

After doing something. Example: 먹은 후에 잤어요 → I slept after eating.

Question 41

-네요

Answer 41

Sentence-closing ending that describes what the speaker has just learned. It indicates something that the speaker has newly learned from experience. It is often used to express exclamation.

Question 42

~을/ㄹ 때

Answer 42

Expresses "when" something happens or happened