ventilatory system

Question 1

list principle structures of vent. system

Answer 1

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

Question 2

functions of conducting airways

Answer 2

Nasal/oral passageways→ Trachea→ Bronchi (This is where air is warmed, moistened and filtered by lining of the airway.)

Question 3

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 3

inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs (breathing)

Question 4

total lung capacity

Answer 4

volume of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation

Question 5

tidal volume

Answer 5

volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath

Question 6

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 6

volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

Question 7

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 7

additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

Question 8

residual volume

Answer 8

volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

Question 9

explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs

Answer 9

Air flows because of pressure differences between the atmosphere and the gases inside the lungs. Air, like other gases, flows from a region with higher pressure to a region with lower pressure. Muscular breathing movements and recoil of elastic tissues create changes in pressure that result in ventilation.

Question 10

nervous and chemical control of ventilation during exercise

Answer 10

ventilation increases as a direct result of increases in blood acidity levels (low pH) due to increased carbon dioxide content of the blood detected by the respiratory centre. This results in an incase in the rate and depth of ventilation.
Neural control of ventilation includes lung stretch receptors, muscle proprioceptors, and chemoreceptors
The role of H+ ions and reference to the partial pressure of oxygen are not required

Question 11

role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation

Answer 11

most 98.5 of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells

Question 12

the volume of the thorax during inhaling

Answer 12

increase

Question 13

the volume of the thorax during exhaling

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

diaphragm during inhaling

Answer 14

contracts

Question 15

diaphragm during exhaling

Answer 15

expands

Question 16

movement of the diaphragm inhaling

Answer 16

contracts and moves downward

Question 17

movement of the diaphragm inhaling

Answer 17

relaxes and reverts to regular shape

Question 18

describe nervous and chemical control of ventilation during exercise

Answer 18

ventilation increases as a direct result of an increase in blood acidity (low pH) due to increased carbon dioxide content of the blood detected by the respiratory center. This results in an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation

Neural controls of ventilation include lung stretch receptors, muscle proprioceptors, and chemoreceptors. The role of H+ ions and reference to the partial pressure of oxygen are not required.

Question 19

Outline role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation

Answer 19

Most (98.5%) of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells.

Question 20

Process of gas exchange at alveoli

Question 21

Composition of blood

Answer 21

composed of cells (erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets) and plasma. Blood is transport vehicle for electrolytes, proteins, gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones.

Question 22

Erythrocytes

Question 23

leucocytes

Question 24

platelets

Question 25

describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume at rest and during exercise

Answer 25

cardiac output = sv x hr / 100
Stroke volume expands and heart rate increases during exercise