topic 1 review

Question 1

axial skeleton

Answer 1

limit to the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertbral column consisting of cervical - 7 bones, thoracic - 12 bones, lumbar - 5 bones, sacral - 5 bones, coccyx - 4 bones

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), humerus radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, and pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Question 3

axial function

Answer 3

for protection

Question 4

appendicular function

Answer 4

for movement

Question 5

four types of bones

Answer 5

long, short, flat, and irregular

Question 6

inferior

Answer 6

below

Question 7

superior

Answer 7

above

Question 8

proximal

Answer 8

close to

Question 9

lateral

Answer 9

further from the middle

Question 10

medial

Answer 10

towards the middle

Question 11

posterior

Answer 11

near the back

Question 12

anterior

Answer 12

near the front

Question 13

cartilage function

Answer 13

enhance bone resilience, provide support, cushion the bones, shock absorption

Question 14

ligament function

Answer 14

bone to bone, attaches/holds structures together

Question 15

tendon function

Answer 15

muscle to bone, move the bone/structure

Question 16

joint

Answer 16

occurs where two or more bones articulate

Question 17

fibrous

Answer 17

layer of fibrous tissue connecting edges of 2 bones, solid w/ least amount of movement

Question 18

cartilaginous

Answer 18

bones separated by fibrocartilage disc (disc between vertebrae) or a thick layer of hyaline cartilage (ribs connecting to sternum), very little movement

Question 19

synovial joints list

Answer 19

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball & socket

Question 20

articular cartilage function

Answer 20

provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation

Question 21

synovial membrane function

Answer 21

synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function

Question 22

synovial fluid function

Answer 22

cushions the ends of bones and reduces friction when you move your joints

Question 23

bursae function

Answer 23

reduce friction between moving parts in your body’s joints

Question 24

meniscus function

Answer 24

disperse the weight of the body and reduce friction during movement

Question 25

articular capsule function

Answer 25

supports major joints such as the knee, hips, and shoulders, joint stability

Question 26

gliding joint

Answer 26

least movement, flat bones, glide side to side (tarsals and carpals)

Question 27

hinge joint

Answer 27

bend/flex in one direction (elbow)

Question 28

pivot joint

Answer 28

one bone forms a ring and other bone rolls allowing rotation (neck and head)

Question 29

condyloid joint

Answer 29

oval surface fits into concave surface (wrist)

Question 30

saddle joint

Answer 30

shaped like saddle and rider and can move in 2 directions (thumbs and fingers)

Question 31

ball and socket joint

Answer 31

can move in all directions, sphere fits into rounded cavity (shoulder and hip)

Question 32

contractility definition

Answer 32

ability to contract/ generate force

Question 33

excitability definition

Answer 33

respond to stimulus

Question 34

extensibility definition

Answer 34

ability to stretch beyond normal resting length

Question 35

elasticity definition

Answer 35

ability to return to the original resting length after streching

Question 36

atrophy definition

Answer 36

degeneration/thinning of muscle (mutation and poor nourishment)

Question 37

hypertrophy definition

Answer 37

enlargement/building of muscle

Question 38

2 factors of hypertrophy

Answer 38

sacroplasmic = increased muscle glycogen storage
myofibrillar = myofibril size (body builders)

Question 39

muscle tissue is…

Answer 39

controlled by nerve stimuli and fed by capillaries

Question 40

different types of muscle

Answer 40

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

Question 41

smooth muscle

Answer 41

involuntary control, no striated appearance, lines walls of blood vessels and hollow organs (stomach and intestine)

Question 42

cardiac/heart muscle

Answer 42

involuntary control, striated appearance, contracts w/out thought

Question 43

skeletal muscle

Answer 43

voluntary control, striated appearance, tendons attach muscle to bone, main function is movement of skeleton

Question 44

function of muscles

Answer 44

movement of skeleton, movement of substances in body (food and blood), stabilize and maintain body position (keep head upright), muscle contraction can generate up to 85% of body heat (voluntary and involuntary)

Question 45

origin of muscle

Answer 45

attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

Question 46

origin of insertion

Answer 46

attachment of muscle tendon to moveable bone