topic 4 test

Question 1

role of acetylcholine

Answer 1

When the nervous system signal reaches the neuromuscular junction a chemical message is released by the motoneuron

Question 2

role of cholinesterase

Answer 2

family of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and acetic acid, a reaction necessary to allow a cholinergic neuron to return to its resting state after activation.

Question 3

type I twitch fibers

Answer 3

slow twitch muscle fibers, low nerve transmission speeds and small muscle force. Can maintain for a long time. Slow-twitch fibers are designed for aerobic endurance activities that require long-term, repeated contractions, like maintaining posture or running a long distance.

Question 4

type IIa twitch fibers

Answer 4

Fast twitch muscle fibers, fast neural transmission times and stronger contractions force, resistant to fatigue.These fast-twitch muscle fibers are also known as intermediate fast-twitch fibers. They can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism almost equally to create energy.

Question 5

type IIb fibers

Answer 5

Fastest contraction times, larges force, fatigue quickly. These fast-twitch fibers use anaerobic metabolism to create energy and are the classic fast-twitch muscle fibers that excel at producing quick, powerful bursts of speed. This muscle fiber has the highest rate of contraction (rapid firing) of all the muscle fiber types, but it also has a faster rate of fatigue and can’t last as long before it needs rest.

Question 6

flexion

Answer 6

a bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Question 7

extension

Answer 7

a physical position that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint

Question 8

abduction

Answer 8

any motion of the limbs or other body parts that pulls away from the midline of the body

Question 9

adduction

Answer 9

the movement of a body part toward the body’s midline

Question 10

medial rotation

Answer 10

the movement of a limb or muscle group toward the center of the body

Question 11

lateral rotation

Answer 11

the movement of a body part or muscle group away from the center of the body and around the longitudinal axis of a bone

Question 12

pronation

Answer 12

a rotational movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing posteriorly

Question 13

supinatin

Answer 13

rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward

Question 14

elevation

Answer 14

movement in a superior direction

Question 15

rotation

Answer 15

circular movement of a joint or muscle that allows body to move in circular manner

Question 16

depression

Answer 16

movement in a downward direction

Question 17

circumduction

Answer 17

multiple active muscles performing different synchronous ranges of motion

Question 18

dorsi flexion

Answer 18

backward bending and contracting

Question 19

plantar flexion

Answer 19

extension of ankle so that foot points away

Question 20

eversion

Answer 20

the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane

Question 21

inversion

Answer 21

movement in which the plantar surface (sole) of the foot rotates towards the mid-line of the body

Question 22

isotonic

Answer 22

constant tension/constant movement, holding weight at the max amount possible

Question 23

isometric

Answer 23

(static) muscle does not move, the muscle is static/stationary, contracted with no movement

Question 24

isokinetic

Answer 24

constant speed and movement, repeated movement at a constant speed

Question 25

concentric

Answer 25

muscle shortens as it is generating force

Question 26

eccentric

Answer 26

muscle lengthens as it is generating force

Question 27

agonist

Answer 27

prime movers generates the movement, arm down = tricep flexing

Question 28

antagonist

Answer 28

muscle that contracts eccentrically, arm up = tricep is strecthing

Question 29

doms result

Answer 29

Eccentric muscle action and muscle damage. Overstrecthing and overtraining

Question 30

doms prevention

Answer 30

Reducing the eccentric component of muscle actions during early training. Starting at a lower intensity and gradually increasing

Question 31

force definition

Answer 31

mechanical interaction that goes on between two objects or bodies (push/pull) (force = mass x acceleration)

Question 32

speed definition

Answer 32

change in displacement

Question 33

velocity definition

Answer 33

The speed of something within a certain direction (v=distance/time)

Question 34

acceleration definition

Answer 34

The increase of speed within a subject (acceleration = change in velocity/time)

Question 34

displacement definition

Answer 34

The movement of an object from its stationary place/position

Question 34

momentum definition

Answer 34

The amount of movement a moving subject has created because of its mass and velocity

Question 35

impulse definition

Answer 35

The effect of force acting over time to change the momentum of an object

Question 36

center of mass

Answer 36

Mathematical point around which the mass of a body or object is evenly distributed

Question 37

a change in body position during sporting activities can

Answer 37

change the position of the center of mass

Question 38

first-class lever definition

Answer 38

effort and resistance are on opposite sides of the fulcrum

Question 39

second class lever definition

Answer 39

effort and resistance are on the same side of the fulcrum but the effort arm is longer/greater than the resistance, it is the most uncommon

Question 40

third class lever definition

Answer 40

effort and resistance are on the same side of the fulcrum but the effort arm is shorter/less than the resistance arm, it is the most common

Question 41

anatomical first-class lever

Answer 41

the tricep-elbow joint

Question 42

anatomical second-class lever

Answer 42

calf-ankle joint

Question 43

anatomical third-class lever

Answer 43

bicep-elbow joint

Question 44

first law of motion definition

Answer 44

Inertia - states that every object will stay stationary until an external force is acted upon it

Question 45

second law of motion

Answer 45

It is when the force applied to an object becomes the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration of the object

Question 46

third law of motion

Answer 46

States that for every action, an equal and opposite reaction also presents

Question 47

first law example

Answer 47

The soccer ball will stay at rest until a player comes and kicks it

Question 48

second law example

Answer 48

The acceleration of a hockey puck depends on how heavy the puck is and how hard the player hits it

Question 49

third law example

Answer 49

When a basketball player bounces a basketball, the force has an opposite reaction which brings the ball back up

Question 50

angular momentum

Answer 50

Angular momentum is the measure of the amount of (or potential for) rotation. Angular Momentum = Moment of Inertia x Angular Velocity

Question 51

moment of inertia

Answer 51

Moment of Inertia is how difficult a body or object is to rotate about an axis. It depends on the mass of the body and the mass distribution around the axis.

Question 52

angular velocity

Answer 52

Angular velocity is the rate at which an object rotates or revolves about an axis.

Question 53

angular momentum in sports

Answer 53

A figure skater starts a spin by pulling in his arms to lessen his Moment of Inertia.

Question 54

Bernoulli’s principle

Answer 54

principle of the conservation of energy, faster-moving air has low air pressure and slower-moving air has high air pressure