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ESA3 - Respiratory System > Ventilation and Lung Mechanics > Flashcards

Ventilation and Lung Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal pO2?

A

9.3-13.3 kPa

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2
Q

What is the normal pCO2?

A

4.7-6 kPA

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3
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

Volume of air which enters and leaves the lungs with each breath

(Anatomical dead space + alveolar ventilation)

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4
Q

What is the anatomical dead space?

A

The total volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth down to the level of the terminal bronchioles (does not take part in gas exchange)

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5
Q

What is the physiological dead space?

A

Volume of air in alveoli which are not perfused or damaged that does not take part in gas exchange

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6
Q

What is the total dead space?

A

Anatomical + physiological dead space

Total air inhaled that does not take part in gas exchange

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7
Q

How would you calculate total pulmonary ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

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8
Q

How would you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

(Tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

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9
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

The maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration

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10
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

The additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration

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11
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling

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12
Q

What is the vital capacity (VC)?

A

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

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13
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

The volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration; it is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume.

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14
Q

What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

The volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

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15
Q

What is functional residual capacity determined by?

A

The balance of elastic forces of the chest wall, favouring outward expansion, and the elasticity and surface tension of the lung, favouring a small lung volume

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16
Q

What is the link between the lungs and the chest wall?

A

Pleural membranes

17
Q

What is present between the 2 pleural membranes?

A

Small amount of fluid

18
Q

Describe the pressure within the pleural space at end-expiration

A

Slightly negative

chest wall wants to sprind out and lungs want to recoil in

19
Q

What happens to the ipsilateral lung if the pleural seal is broken?

A

It would shrink down, regardless of breathing manoeuvres

20
Q

What happens to pleural pressure upon inhalation?

A

Gets more negative

21
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, pectoralis major and minor, trapezius

22
Q

What are the accessory muscles of expiration?

A

Internal intercostals and muscles of the abdominal wall

23
Q

In the older adult, FRC is relatively higher than in the young person and the balance between the chest wall and lung has changed. Why is this?

A

Lungs are less elastic in older people

24
Q

How do you calculate compliance?

A

Change in volume/change in pressure

25
Q

In what situation would lungs have low compliance?

A

Fibrosis - lungs are stiffer

26
Q

In what situation would lungs have high compliance?

A

Emphysema - slack lungs

27
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Decreases alveolar surface tension

  • Allows the lung to inflate more easily (increased compliance)
  • Prevents alveolar collapse
28
Q

What secretes surfactant?

A

Alveolar cells

29
Q

When does production of surfactant begin in the fetus?

A

Between 25 and 28 weeks

30
Q

At what gestational age is surfactant adequate?

A

35

31
Q

What things could cause increased airways resistance?

A

Increased mucus (chronic bronchitis)
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle/oedema (asthma)
Loss of radial traction (emphysema)

32
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn caused by?

A

Lack of surfactant (usually in premature babies)

Without surfactant, the surface tension of the alveolar sacs is high - increased tendency of the alveoli to collapse

33
Q

What are some signs of respiratory distress in babies?

A

Cyanosis, grunting, intercostal and subcostal recession

34
Q

How do you calculate resistance of an airway?

A

Pressure/ rate of flow

35
Q

Why is pleural pressure negative?

A

Its in between two opposing forces - outward expansion of chest wall and lungs wanting to recoil
- increased volume in space = smaller pressure

ESA3 - Respiratory System (16 decks)

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