Lung Cancer

Question 1

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?

Answer 1

Smoking (mainly), asbestos exposure, radon, other occupational carcinogens

Question 2

Where can lung cancer spread?

Answer 2

Brain, draining lymph nodes, liver, bone

Question 3

What imaging techniques can be used to stage lung cancer?

Answer 3

CXR, CT, MRI, PET scan, USS

Question 4

What tissue sampling techniques can be used to stage lung cancer?

Answer 4

Bronchoscopy, cervical lymph node fine needle aspiration, pleural fluid aspiration, CT biopsy, thorocoscopy

Question 5

What are symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 5

Cough, dyspnoea, wheezing, haemoptysis, lung infection, chest/shoulder pain, weight loss, malaise (primary tumour)

Bloated face (SVC obstruction), hoarseness (LRLN palsy), dysphagia (oesophageal compression), bone pain

Question 6

What are some signs of lung cancer?

Answer 6

Finger clubbing, cachexia, cervical lymphadenopathy, horner’s syndrome, consolidation, pleural effusion, pale conjunctiva

Question 7

What are some endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer?

Answer 7

Hypercalcaemia, Cushing’s, SIADH

Question 8

What are the main types of lung cancers?

Answer 8

Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma

Question 9

What are the molecular markers in lung cancer?

Answer 9

EGFR mutations, ALK mutation, KRAS mutations, PD1 mutations