Introduction to the Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the overall functions of the nasal cavity?
1) Warms and moistens inspired air
2) Recovers water from expired air
3) Speech production
4) Olfaction
5) Induce turbulent flow
What is the pharynx?
A muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus
Which 3 parts is the pharynx comprised of?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
What is thought to be the function of the paranasal sinuses?
Contribute to humidifying of inspired air
What does the larynx mostly consist of and what does it contain?
Cartilage, contains vocal cords
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
What makes up the conducting portion airways?
Trachea
Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
What makes up the respiratory portion of the airways?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Where do the ribs articulate?
Head of rib - with 2 vertebrae
Tubercle - with transverse process of vertebrae
Which ribs are ‘floating’?
11+12
How do ribs move during inhalation?
Outwards and upwards
What is the main reason for the increase in thoracic volume during inhalation?
Movement of diaphragm
Why does air move into the lungs during inhalation?
Movement of the ribs and diaphragm increase thoracic volume therefore decreasing thoracic pressure. As atmospheric pressure is now greater than thoracic pressure, air moves in down a pressure gradient.
How is the diaphragm innervated?
Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)
Why do you get shoulder tip pain as a result of damage or irritation of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve is C3, C4, C5
These dermatomes cover the shoulder
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
Skeletal
Is the diaphragm under automatic or somatic control?
Somatic
What are the three layers intercostal muscles?
External, internal and innermost
True or False:
The major neurocascular bundles runs aove the rib
FALSE
Runs below
At what level does the vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
T8
At what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?
T10
At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
In which direction do the muscle fibres of the internal and innermost intercostals run?
Perpendicular
In which direction do the muscle fibres of the external intercostals run?
Hands in pocket direction
What is the action of the external intercostals?
When they contract, they pull the ribs upwards during inhalation
What is the action of the internal and innermost intercostals?
When they contract, they pull the ribs downwards during exhalation
What can be some accessory muscles of respiration?
Pec major and SCM
Which neurovascular bundle runs below the rib?
Intercostal artery, vein and nerve
Where does the blood from the azygos venous system drain?
Superior vena cava
What is the venous system for the intercostals called?
Azygos system
What does the left lung have a groove for?
Aorta
What does the right lung have a groove for?
Oesophagus
What enters at the hylum of the lung?
Neurovascular bundles, bronchi
Why are foreign objects more likely to end up in the right bronchus/lung?
It is more vertical than the left
What are the relative positions of the structures in the hilum of the lung?
Airways behind
Pulmonary arteries above
Pulmonary veins below
What is the costophrenic recess?
Potential space located at the junction of the costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura
What arteries supply lung tissue?
Bronchial arteries
What level is the diaphragm located?
Left side - 5th intercostal space
Right side - 4th intercostal space
