Introduction to the Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the overall functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 1

1) Warms and moistens inspired air
2) Recovers water from expired air
3) Speech production
4) Olfaction
5) Induce turbulent flow

Question 2

What is the pharynx?

Answer 2

A muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus

Question 3

Which 3 parts is the pharynx comprised of?

Answer 3

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 4

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

Answer 4

Maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 5

What is thought to be the function of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 5

Contribute to humidifying of inspired air

Question 6

What does the larynx mostly consist of and what does it contain?

Answer 6

Cartilage, contains vocal cords

Question 7

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 7

3

Question 8

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 8

2

Question 9

What makes up the conducting portion airways?

Answer 9

Trachea
Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

Question 10

What makes up the respiratory portion of the airways?

Answer 10

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

Question 11

Where do the ribs articulate?

Answer 11

Head of rib - with 2 vertebrae

Tubercle - with transverse process of vertebrae

Question 12

Which ribs are ‘floating’?

Answer 12

11+12

Question 13

How do ribs move during inhalation?

Answer 13

Outwards and upwards

Question 14

What is the main reason for the increase in thoracic volume during inhalation?

Answer 14

Movement of diaphragm

Question 15

Why does air move into the lungs during inhalation?

Answer 15

Movement of the ribs and diaphragm increase thoracic volume therefore decreasing thoracic pressure. As atmospheric pressure is now greater than thoracic pressure, air moves in down a pressure gradient.

Question 16

How is the diaphragm innervated?

Answer 16

Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Question 17

Why do you get shoulder tip pain as a result of damage or irritation of the diaphragm?

Answer 17

Phrenic nerve is C3, C4, C5

These dermatomes cover the shoulder

Question 18

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

Answer 18

Skeletal

Question 19

Is the diaphragm under automatic or somatic control?

Answer 19

Somatic

Question 20

What are the three layers intercostal muscles?

Answer 20

External, internal and innermost

Question 21

True or False:

The major neurocascular bundles runs aove the rib

Answer 21

FALSE

Runs below

Question 22

At what level does the vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 22

T8

Question 23

At what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 23

T10

Question 24

At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 24

T12

Question 25

In which direction do the muscle fibres of the internal and innermost intercostals run?

Answer 25

Perpendicular

Question 26

In which direction do the muscle fibres of the external intercostals run?

Answer 26

Hands in pocket direction

Question 27

What is the action of the external intercostals?

Answer 27

When they contract, they pull the ribs upwards during inhalation

Question 28

What is the action of the internal and innermost intercostals?

Answer 28

When they contract, they pull the ribs downwards during exhalation

Question 29

What can be some accessory muscles of respiration?

Answer 29

Pec major and SCM

Question 30

Which neurovascular bundle runs below the rib?

Answer 30

Intercostal artery, vein and nerve

Question 31

Where does the blood from the azygos venous system drain?

Answer 31

Superior vena cava

Question 32

What is the venous system for the intercostals called?

Answer 32

Azygos system

Question 33

What does the left lung have a groove for?

Answer 33

Aorta

Question 34

What does the right lung have a groove for?

Answer 34

Oesophagus

Question 35

What enters at the hylum of the lung?

Answer 35

Neurovascular bundles, bronchi

Question 36

Why are foreign objects more likely to end up in the right bronchus/lung?

Answer 36

It is more vertical than the left

Question 37

What are the relative positions of the structures in the hilum of the lung?

Answer 37

Airways behind Pulmonary arteries above Pulmonary veins below

Question 38

What is the costophrenic recess?

Answer 38

Potential space located at the junction of the costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura

Question 39

What arteries supply lung tissue?

Answer 39

Bronchial arteries

Question 40

What level is the diaphragm located?

Answer 40

Left side - 5th intercostal space | Right side - 4th intercostal space