VENTILATION ANATOMY

Question 1

what lines our body cavities?

Answer 1

serous membranes

Question 2

what are the 2 layers of secretory tissue with fluid between?

Answer 2

• visceral layer on the organ
• parietal layer on body wall

Question 3

what are the 2 main cavities?

Answer 3

thoracic and abdominopelvic

Question 4

what is the 2 cavities/region within thoracic cavity?

Answer 4

• mediastinum (heart, vessels and pericardium)
• pleura (lungs)

Question 5

what is a specialised cavity within the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 5

peritoneum

Question 6

what are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 6

• anterior: sternum
• posterior: thoracic vertebrae
• lateral: ribs
• superior: base of neck
• inferior: diaphragm

Question 7

what are the relation of pressure and volume in ventilation

Answer 7

pressure inversely proportional to volume

Question 8

state the Boyle’s Law

Answer 8

P = 1/V

Question 9

explain Boyle’s Law

Answer 9

pressure is measured by collision:
- smaller space = more collisions –> greater pressure
- bigger space = less collisions –> decreased pressure

Question 10

which state of pressure space will air move to

Answer 10

lower

Question 11

to breathe, we need to establish a _______1______, therefore if we _____2_____ volume of the lungs, air would flow in and vice versa if we ______3______ volume of the lungs, air would flow out

Answer 11

1: pressure gradient
2: increase
3: decrease

Question 12

are there pressure gradient between breaths? why?

Answer 12

no, because pressure inside cavity = pressure outside

Question 13

what are the thoracic joints and what structures do they connect?

Answer 13

• sternocostal: 1st costal cartilage is made of cartilaginous joint to give stability, the rest is synovial joints - attach sternum to rib at sternum
• costochondral: cartilaginous joint - attach ribs to sternum at ribs
• intercondral: no bones, synovial joints connect cartilage
• costotransverse: synovial joints, articulation between ribs and transverse provess of vertebrae
• costovertebral: synovial joints, articulation between rib and body of vertebrae

Question 14

what is the name of the structure that connect sternum to ribs?

Answer 14

costal cartilage

Question 15

which of the thoracic joints are not synovial joints?

Answer 15

1st sternocostal and costochondral joint

Question 16

what are the 2 primary muscles of respiration:

Answer 16

diaphragm and intercostals (there are also some accessory muscles but we don’t need to learn further of this)

Question 17

what does muscle of respiration do?

Answer 17

move the rib cage to allow us to breathe

Question 18

what is diaphragm made of?

Answer 18

skeletal muscle for voluntary control

Question 19

what is the shape of diaphragm during relax and contract?

Answer 19

• relax: dome-shaped
• contract: flattens

Question 20

what does contraction of diaphragm cause?

Answer 20

expansion of thoracic cavity and compression of abdominopelvic cavity

Question 21

TRUE/FALSE: diaphragm has holes for inferior vena cava, esophagus and aorta to go thourhg

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

where is intercostal attach?

Answer 22

diagonally between neighbouring ribs

Question 23

what does external intercostals do?

Answer 23

• lift rib cage and expand cavity
• inspiration - quiet and force

Question 24

what does internal intercostals do?

Answer 24

• depress rib cage and decrease cavity
• expiration - forced only

Question 25

what happens during normal quite inspiration and expiration?

Answer 25

• inspiration: diaphragm contracts (flattens) and external intercostals contract
• expiration: diaphragm relaxes and external intercostals relax - passive process

Question 26

what happens during active forced inspiration and expiration?

Answer 26

• inspiration: diaphragm contracts, external intercostals contracts and accessory muscles contract to further expand thoracic cavity
• expiration: diaphragm relaxes, external intercostals relax, internal intercostals contract and accessory muscles contract to further decrease thoracic cavity volume

Question 27

how does lungs expand as the cavity does?

Answer 27

• lung tissue is elastic and always trying to recoil
• pleura makes the lungs ‘stick’ to thoracic wall

Question 28

____1_____ pleura is on lungs and ____2_____ pleura is on thoracic wall.
there is ______3_______ in between the pleuras to assist frictionless movement against other structure as the bond cause lungs ______4______ to the wall

Answer 28

1: visceral
2: parietal
3: pleural fluid
4: stick

Question 29

what are the key anatomical features of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 29

bones joint and muscles form thoracic wall, mediastinum inside cavity plus lungs within double layer of pleura