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HUBS192 > GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM ANATOMY I > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM ANATOMY I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the roles of the GI system?

A
  • motility
  • secretion
  • digestion mechanically and chemically
  • absorption
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2
Q

what are the key structures in the GI system?

A
  • long tube with outgrowths
  • sphincters to seperate sections of the tube
  • different environment within different organs
  • lined by epithelium
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3
Q

what are the major organs of the digestive tract?

A
  • oral cavity (mouth)
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestin
  • large intestine
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4
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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5
Q

where can you find stratified squamous type of epithelia in the GI system? what does that do?

A
  • mouth, esophagus
  • anus
  • to protect from abrasion
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6
Q

_____1______, ______2_______, _______3______ are made of simple columnar, this serves the purpose of ______4______ and _______5______

A

1: stomach
2: small intestine
3: large intestine
4: secretion
5: absorption

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7
Q

the epithelium is also being invaginated to form glands, what are the 2 types?

A
  • unicellular - goblet cells
  • multicellular
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8
Q

describe the unicellular glands, where can you find them?

A
  • columnar, goblet shaped with apical mucous granules and basal nucleus
  • can be found in small intestine
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9
Q

describe the 2 structures of multicellular gland and where to find them?

A
  • simple: gland with single duct, e.g. stomach and small intestine
  • compound: gland with 2 or more ducts, e.g. salivary glands
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10
Q

what are the 4 layers of the gut tube (from inside contact with lumen to out)?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis (externa/proper)
  • adventitia
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11
Q

what is the mucosa consist of?

A
  • epithelium
  • basement membrane
  • lamina propria (FCT)
  • muscularis mucosae
    (- sometimes glands)
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12
Q

what is the submucosa consist of?

A
  • FCT
  • glands
  • blood vessels
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13
Q

what is secretion regulated by?

A

submucosal nerve plexus (part of ENS)

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14
Q

what type of muscle made up the muscularis?

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

what are the 2 main layers of muscularis?

A
  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
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16
Q

which specialised structure located between the 2 main layers of muscularis and what does it do?

A
  • myenteric plexus (part of ENS)
  • regulates motility
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17
Q

what could be the function of having 2 layers of smooth muscle with different orientations?

A

to serve the motility patterns - different orientation cause different movements of the gut tube

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18
Q

why might there be glands in both the mucosa and submucosa in some regions?

A

more SA if more secretion needed or more protection provided

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19
Q

what type of process happen in mouth?

A
  • beginning of digestion: mechanical and chemical (starch)
  • lubrication by saliva
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20
Q

what epithelium lines the mouth?

A

stratified squamous

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21
Q

what is the pathway of food through mouth?

A

fauces –> oropharynx –> laryngopharynx –> esophagus

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22
Q

what are the 4 accessory structures in mouth?

A
  • hard and soft palate
  • uvula
  • tongue
  • duct for submandibular beneath the tongue
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23
Q

what stimulates salivary glands?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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24
Q

what are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands and where are they located?

A
  • parotid: besides ear
  • sublingual: tongue
  • submandibular: edge of mandible
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25
Q

what do the 3 major pairs of salivary glands secrete?

A
  • parotid: serous fluid with amylase
  • sublingual: mucus
  • submandibular: mixed
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26
Q

______________ is the cells in clusters which can secrete serous fluid, amylase and mucus

A

acinar/acinus

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27
Q

which cell secrete bicarbonate for buffering?

A

duct cells

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28
Q

what is the length of esophagus?

A

approximately 25cm

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29
Q

where is the esophagus situated?

A
  • posterior to trachea
  • from pharynx to stomach
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30
Q

which structure ensures food enters esophagus, not trachea?

A

epiglottis

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31
Q

describe the change in muscle type of the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A
  • first 1/3: skeletal msucle
  • middle 1/3: mixture
  • last 1/3: smooth muscle
32
Q

what is bolus?

A

a ball-like structure mixed between food and saliva

33
Q

what specialised structure we can find lines the wall of esophagus and what does it do?

A

highly folded submucosa and mucosa –> capacity to expand for passage for bolus

34
Q

what is the epithelial type of esophagus?

A

stratified squamous

35
Q

esophagus needs _____________ for lubrication and protection

A

mucus

36
Q

how and where does mucus secrete in esophagus?

A
  • in glands with ducts to surface in submucosa, and mucosa close to the stomach
37
Q

what is peritoneum?

A

a serous membrane which lines the abdominopelvic cavity

38
Q

what is retroperitoneal, what are the retroperitoneal organs?

A
  • posterior to peritoneum
  • pancreas and duodenum (initial segment of intestine)
39
Q

what is mesentery?

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organ to body wall

40
Q

what is omenta?

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ

41
Q

what shape is the stomach and where is it located?

A
  • J-shaped
  • base of esophagus
42
Q

where does the esophagus pass through?

A

diaphragm (esophageal hiatus)

43
Q

what prevents reflux of the stomach?

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

44
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the stomach?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus (pyloric antrum)
45
Q

what are the 2 types of omentum?

A
  • lesser omentum which connects stomach to liver
  • greater omentum which connects stomach to transvers colon and rich in immune cell
  • omentum has lots of adipose
46
Q

what helps the 4 layers of gut tube carry out there special function?

A
  • modification
  • e.g. modification in muscularis for motility
47
Q

what are the 3 layers of muscularis of stomach?

A
  • oblique (inner)
  • circular (middle)
  • longitudinal (outer)
48
Q

where is the muscularis thickest and why?

A
  • distally (bottom) of the stomach, where food is stored and most of the proccess happens
49
Q

what are the stomach wrinkles normally known as and what are their function?

A
  • rugae
  • allows expansion of stomach for storage
50
Q

what does rugae originally from?

A

core of submucosa

51
Q

what is the epithelia type of the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium

52
Q

what are the special structures that is modified on the mucosa of the stomach?

A

gastric glands

53
Q

why does stomach need gastric glands?

A

because the stomach needs:
- acid and enzymes for digestion
- mucous for protection
- hormones for regulation

54
Q

what are the 3 cell types of gastric glands?

A
  • parietal cells
  • G cells
  • chief cells
55
Q

what do G cells secrete?

A

hormone - gastrin

56
Q

what do chief cell secret and what specialised structure allows that?

A
  • enzymes
  • structure abundant of rER with apical zymogen granules (contain pepsinogen) and basal nucleus
57
Q

what do parietal cell secret and what specialised structure allows that?

A
  • acid (pump H+)
  • abundant of mitochondria, central nucleus and folded structure to increase the surface area
58
Q

what are the 2 parts of gastric gland?

A
  • gastric pits: proximal (sits on top) where you can fine mucous epithelial cells
  • gastric glands: sits deep under gastric pits, contain the 3 cells types
59
Q

where can you find endocrine cells of stomach?

A

mucosa

60
Q

what are the 2 secretion for endocrine control of the stomach?

A

gastrin and ghrelin

61
Q

what are the neural controls of the stomach?

A
  • enteric nervous system (ENS): controlling what is happening in GI system (e.g. motility)
  • CNS modulates ENS function
62
Q

what is chyme, what is its property?

A

chyme is the mixture of food and stomach secretion that is being delivered to small intestine for further digestion, chyme is acidic

63
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the pyloric?

A
  • pyloric antrum
  • pyloric canal
  • pyloric orifice
  • pyloric sphincter
64
Q

because chyme is acidic, what do we need to protect the stomach and where does it come from?

A
  • mucous: from glands in submucosa of the duodenum
  • neutralise acid: bicarbonate from pancreas
65
Q

how is the pancreas situated?

A
  • head in C-shaped duodenum
  • tail to spleen
  • posterior to stomach
  • duct into duodenal lumen
66
Q

TRUE/FALSE: the pancreas only has endocrine function

A

FALSE
- the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine function

67
Q

briefly describe the endocrine and exocrine function of pancreas?

A
  • endocrine: alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insuline
  • exocrine: acinar cells secrete digestive enzyme, duct cells secret bicarbonate
68
Q

which cell type of the pancreas secrete enzyme?

A

acinar

69
Q

which cell type of the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?

A

duct cells

70
Q

what is the structure of the pancreatic acinar cells?

A
  • apical zymogen granules
  • basal nucleus
  • abundant rER
71
Q

where else have we seen a similar structure of cell like the acinar?

A

chief cells in stomach

72
Q

where is the bile duct meet pancreatic duct?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

73
Q

which part of the combined duct projects into the duodenal lumen?

A

duodenal papilla

74
Q

what controls the release of secretion of ducts?

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

75
Q

what are the key structures of the stomach?

A
  • LES prevents reflux into esophagus
  • 4 regions: cardia, fundus, body and pyloris
  • pyloric sphincter controls entry into SI
76
Q

what structures of the stomach are needed for storage and digestion?

A
  • rugae
  • 3 layers of muscularis
  • gastric gland
77
Q

what parts of the pancreas are important for secretion

A
  • acinar cells secrete enzymes
  • duct cells secret bicarbonate
  • secretions enter hepatopancreatic ampulla then into duodenal lumen of SI

HUBS192 (23 decks)

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