RENAL ANATOMY II

Question 1

describe transitional epithelium?

Answer 1

stratified round cells, flatten when stretched and good for protection

Question 2

what assist moving urine to bladder within the ureters?

Answer 2

peristaltic waves

Question 3

how do the ureters situated and arranged retroperitoneally?

Answer 3

• arise from each renal pelvis at each hilum
• descend retroperitoneally through abdomen vertically from hila

Question 4

describe the 3 layers of ureter?

Answer 4

mucosa
- transitional epithelium
- lamina propria

muscularis (opposite to GI tract)
- longitudinal inner
- circular outer

adventitia: outer covering of conenctive tissue

Question 5

what special structure can you find on the inner surface of the ureters?

Answer 5

folded protective proteins

Question 6

how does ureters enter the bladder?

Answer 6

run obliquely through the wall of bladder at its posterolateral corners

Question 7

how does the bladder/ureter prevents backflow of urine?

Answer 7

acts as a sphincter compressed by the increased bladder pressure

Question 8

why is the bladder has rugae?

Answer 8

for storage purpose: when full, the bladder expands without great increase in pressure

Question 9

why is the bladder wall has muscle?

Answer 9

for expulsion of urine to urethra during urination

Question 10

what is the mucosa of bladder wall made of?

Answer 10

transitional epithelium

Question 11

what are the muscle of the bladder wall called?

Answer 11

detrusor

Question 12

describe detrusor?

Answer 12

• thick smooth muscle
• longitudinal, circular and oblique fibres

Question 13

what is the trigone comprise of?

Answer 13

triangular region between 2 openings of entry of ureters and 1 opening for urethra

Question 14

when the bladder is filled, how does it change?

Answer 14

from pyramidal within the pelvis, the bladder now become more spherical and expands superiorly into abdominal cavity and can be palpated above pubis symphysis

Question 15

where is the location of bladder in male?

Answer 15

anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland

Question 16

where is the location of female bladder

Answer 16

anterior to vagina and uteris

Question 17

3 structures that protect the urinary tract?

Answer 17

• transitional epithelium: stopping urine leaking to underlined tissues
• folded protective protein (waxy) plaques at apical surface: waterproof surface seperate apical side from urine
• entrance of ureters to bladder to prevent backflow

Question 18

what is the urethra and what does it do?

Answer 18

a thin-walled muscular tube to drain urine from the bladder out of the body

Question 19

describe the epithelium changes of the urethra

Answer 19

transitional near bladder –> columnar –> stratified squamous

Question 20

what special structure can you find on the wall of urethra and what does it do?

Answer 20

mucus glands to protect epithelium from urine

Question 21

what are the major differences between male and female urethra?

Answer 21

• length
• separation from reproductive system (male part of, female separated)
• at male: initial section surrounded by prostate gland
• 3 sections in male: prostatic, membranous, psongy/penile

Question 22

what is the internal urinary sphincter like?

Answer 22

• junction of bladder and urethra
• detrusor muscle
• involuntary control

Question 23

describe external urinary sphincter?

Answer 23

• located where urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm
• skeletal muscle
• voluntary control

Question 24

name 3 places in the urinary tract you would find transitional epithelium

Answer 24

ureters, bladder and initial part of urethra

Question 24

this is a reminder to review urination and remember how that works but no need for details