OVERVIEW AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic role of the respiratory system?

A

connect organs and structures that function to conduct air in optimal condition into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange

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2
Q

what is the optimal condition of air?

A

clean, warm and moist

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3
Q

what does respiratory system need in order to serve its function?

A
  • surface for gas exchange
  • path for air to flow
  • ability to draw breath in and out
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4
Q

what are the 2 extra features of the respiratory system?

A

sound production and olfaction

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5
Q

what are the 2 tracts in respiratory?

A

upper and lower

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6
Q

what are the components in upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
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7
Q

what are the components in lower respiratory tract?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchus
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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8
Q

what are the 3 crucial parts in respiratory tract?

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • joints
  • respiratory muscles
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9
Q

what are the 4 components of the respiratory system? and what are their overall function?

A
  • nasal cavity: olfaction
  • oral cavity: passage for air and food
  • conducting zone from nose to bronchioles: ensure optimal air condition
  • respiratory zone from bronchioles to alveoli: site of gas exchange
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10
Q

describe the epithelia tract of the respiratory system?

A
  • tract lined with mucosa which is a layer with: epithelia and lamina propria attached together via basement membrane
  • lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue and may contain glands
  • below the mucosa is the submucosal layer: more conenctive tissue and may contain many glands depends on the region
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11
Q

describe the change in epithelium of tract to reflect function of each part?

A
  • conducting region: respiratory epithelium
  • where air and food travel: stratified squamous
  • site of gas exchange: simple squamous
  • olfaction: olfactory mucosa
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12
Q

what is respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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13
Q

where can you fine respiratory epithelium?

A

nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

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14
Q

what does goblet cells do?

A

produce mucus to trap debris and moisten air (clean and moist air)

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15
Q

why does respiratory epithelium is ciliated?

A
  • to capture mucus and then produce a pattern movement to push mucus towards pharynx
  • mucus being sent towards pharynx to be swallowed and digested by stomach acid
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16
Q

why does runny nose happen on a cold day?

A

cilia stop beating –> mucus’ dribble’ out of nose instead move to pharynx

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17
Q

why do we cough up mucus when we are unwell?

A

unwell –> body produces more mucus and coughing assist the silia to push the mucus

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18
Q

why do smokers cough?

A

cigarette smoke paralyse and destroy cilia

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19
Q

what is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • conducting passage
  • prepare optimal condition of air for respiratory membrane
  • resonating chambers for speech at paranasal sinuses
  • sensory receptor - olfaction
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20
Q

why is nose made up of cartilages?

A
  • soft and flexible
  • maintain patent airway
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21
Q

what is nostrils also called?

A

external nares

22
Q

nose has a structure of a ____1____ lined with _____2_____, has _____3_____ and _____4_____ glands as well as ______5_______
the _______5.1________ filter inhaled air

A

1: vestibule
2: skin
3: sebaceous
4: sweat
5: hair
5.1: vibrissae (hair)

23
Q

describe the bone structure of the nose?

A
  • nasal septum in midline with cartilage anteriorly and bone posteriorly
  • internal nares open into nasal pharynx
  • roof of cavity formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones
  • floor of cavity formed by hard and soft palates
  • on lateral wall their is a special structure called conchae
24
Q

describe structure of conchae?

A
  • lies on the lateral wall of nose
  • has 3 projections: superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)
  • covered by respiratory epithelium
25
Q

what is the function of conchae?

A
  • swirl inspired air
  • stick the particle to mucosa
  • warming and humidifying of air
  • olfactory detection
26
Q

what is the main type of nasal epithelium?

A

respiratory epithelium

27
Q

where is the specialised area of olfactory epithelium in nasal epithelium?

A

roof of nasal cavity, area which contains smell receptors

28
Q

____1______ is the epithelium sits on lamina propria, it is a ____2____-walled _____3_______.
the _____1_____ helps warm incoming air because when air temperature drops, ____3_____ _____4_____ for greater heat transfer

A

1: nasal mucosa
2: thin
3: vascular plexus
4: dilate

29
Q

where is the origin of nose bleed

A

damage nasal mucosa

30
Q

what does paranasal mean? what does sinus mean?

A
  • paranasal: surrounding the nose
  • sinus: cavity within a bone
31
Q

where can we find the paranasal sinuses?

A

within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

32
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

respiratory mucosa

33
Q

where does paranasal sinus drain to?

A

pharynx

34
Q

functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • lighten skull
  • increase SA to clean, warm and moisten air
  • sound resonance
  • sinuses blocked by infected mucus
35
Q

what is pharynx also known as?

A

the throat

36
Q

describe the structure of pharynx?

A
  • muscular funnel-shaped tube share by respiratory and digestive system
  • has 3 regions (from superior to inferior): nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
37
Q

TRUE/FALSE: nasopharynx is lined with respiratory mucosa and is an air-food passage

A

FALSE: even though nasopharynx is indeed lined with respiratory mucosa but it is an air passage only

38
Q

where is the specific location of nasopharynx?

A
  • posterior to nasal cavity
  • internal nares to soft palate
39
Q

which structures block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasal cavity?

A

soft palate and uvula

40
Q

what can we also find in the nasopharynx structure that is related to the ears?

A

auditory tubes

41
Q

what is the structure on the posterior wall of nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

42
Q

while nasopharynx is an air passage only, both ____1____ and ______2_____ are air and food passage

A

1: oropharynx
2: laryngopharynx

43
Q

what lines the oropharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

44
Q

why is stratified squamous lined the oropharynx?

A

for protection against abrasioin

45
Q

what is the location of oropharynx?

A
  • posterior to oral cavity
  • from soft palate to hyoid bone
46
Q

what are the 2 special structures that you can find in the oropharynx?

A

palatine and lingual tonsils

47
Q

normally at people with tonsil stones, it is suggested to cut 1 of the tonsils, which one is being cut?

A

palatine

48
Q

what lines the laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

where can you find oropharynx?

A
  • from hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus
  • ends at level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge
50
Q

where in the URT would you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

nasal vestibule, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

51
Q

what are the different types of epithelia found in the URT?

A
  • vestibule of the nose: skin
  • nasal cavity: olfactory mucosa
  • nasal vestibule, oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium
  • nasal cavity and nasopharynx: respiratory epithelium