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HUBS192 > GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM ANATOMY II > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM ANATOMY II Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main regions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum: 25cm
  • jejunum: 2.5m
  • ileum: 3.6m
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2
Q

what is the function of duodenum?

A
  • receive acidic chyme from stomach
  • receive secretions from pancreas and liver
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3
Q

what is the function of jejunum and ileum?

A

digestion and absorption

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4
Q

what holds small intestine in place (attach small intestine to body wall) and what does it do?

A
  • mesentery
  • allows movement but prevents tangling
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5
Q

what are the 4 key vessels structure of the mesentery?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
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6
Q

because the small intestine needs to carry out further digestion and absorption, in needs a _____1______ surface area.
to achieve it, there are 4 keyways: _________2______, ________3_________, __________4_________, and ___________5__________

A

1: large/huge
2: length
3: folding of intestinal wall (plicae circulares)
4: extensions of mucosa (vili)
5: extensions of epithelial cells (microvili)

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7
Q

what is the epithelium of small intestine?

A

simple columnar

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8
Q

what is plicae circulares? what does it originate from?

A
  • permanent large folds of small intestine
  • core submucosa with overlying mucosa
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9
Q

where can you find the SI villi?

A

surface of the plicae circulares

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10
Q

what is villi made of?

A

mucosa

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11
Q

what allows vili to wiggle back and forth?

A

muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

what overlaying the vili?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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13
Q

what is the core of each villus?

A

lamina propria

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14
Q

what inside the core of villi?

A
  • lymph lacteal (absorb products of fat digestion)
  • capillary network (products of protein and carbohydrate go into this)
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15
Q

2 key cell types of the vili?

A
  • goblet cells for mucous secretion for protection
  • columnar cells tightly packed
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16
Q

the absorptive cells of the small intestine (a.k.a _______1_______) have ______2______ on their _______3______ surface

A

1: enterocytes
2: microvilli
3: apical

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17
Q

what structure can you find at the base of villi?

A

intestinal glands/crypts

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18
Q

what is glycocalyx?

A

network of branched filaments and glycoprotein which tether enzymes

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19
Q

what does microvilli do?

A

assist contact digestion because there are enzymes attached to brush border

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20
Q

in the small intestine, the mucosa being the innermost layer with sheet of epithelial layer being the barrier with the lumen.
therefore it needs to be a selective barrier, to absorb what is useful to us

A

epithelial cell acts as the selective layer (plasma membrane) - selective permeable
has proteins to allow passages: channels, transporters
–> called transcellular pathway

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21
Q

what are the intercellular connections that we can find in small intestine?

A
  • tight junctions
  • adhesion belt
  • gap junction
  • desmosomes
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22
Q

tight junctions characteristics?

A
  • very tight, but can also be loose, to ‘tightly’ control what goes through the small intestine
  • small molecules may diffuse through
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23
Q

list all of the specialised structure that you can find on the epithelium of the small intestine? (5), among the 5, which 3 can be found in crypts?

A
  • enterocytes: absorptive cells
  • goblet cells: secrete mucous for protection
  • paneth cells: granules , antibacterial enzymes
  • endocrine cells: screte hormones
  • stem cells: make all cell types
  • epithelial, paneth and stem can be found in crypts
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24
Q

describe the wall of intestine from lumen inner most to outermost?

A
  • epithelial layer covers the mucosa
  • mucosa
  • muscularis mucosa
  • submucosa
  • 2 muscle layers (circular inner and longitudinal outer)
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25
Q

what are the structural specialisations of the wall of the small intestine?

A
  • plicae circulares
  • villi contain lacteals and vessels
  • epithelial cells along the surface and in crypts
  • enterocytes with microvilli on surface
  • goblet cells throughout with submucosal glands in duodenum
26
Q

how is the small intestine arranged in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  • duodenum (retroperitoneal) receives chyme from stomach and secretions from pancreas and liver
  • jejunum
  • ileum which connects to cecum
  • mesentery holds SI to body wall and contains vessels
27
Q

what type of blood from SI drains into the mesenteric veins? then drains into ________________?

A
  • deoxygenated nutrient rich
  • hepatic portal vein
28
Q

lymph lacteal ultimately drains into the ______1_______, then the ________2________ and ________3_________

A

1: cysterna chili
2: thoracic duct
3: left subclavian vein

29
Q

what are the functions of large intestine?

A
  • absorption of water
  • storage of feces until defecation
30
Q

what are the 3 main parts of large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
31
Q

what are the 4 divided parts of colon?

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
32
Q

what is the location of large intestine?

A
  • ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal
  • transvers and sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal
33
Q

what is the cecum?

A

blind-ended pouch and location of appendix

34
Q

what helps regulate the passage of material into the large intestine?

A

ileocecal valve

35
Q

describe the appendix?

A
  • vermiform (shaped like a worm)
  • reserve of large intestine bacteria
  • attached to cecum
36
Q

what does an inflamed appendix be called?

A

appendicitis

37
Q

why does large intestine wall need to be modified?

A
  • to store and expell feces
  • be lubricated (water being absorbed so it can become dry)
  • allow absorption of water
38
Q

what are the specialised modified structures located on the external surface of the large intestine?

A
  • teniae coli: bands of longitudinal muscle
  • haustra: series of pouches –> enhance storage (bucket-shaped)
  • omental appendices: sacs of fat
39
Q

describe the muscularis of large intestine and relates it to the function?

A
  • inner circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer which forms 3 thick bands called teniae coli
    –> allows for stronger contraction
40
Q

what is the obvious different that we can observe on the large intestine mucosa from the small intestine mucosa?

A

lack of vili

41
Q

mucosa of the large intestine ________1_________ to form _______2________ glands

A

1: invaginates
2: intestinal

42
Q

what are the special structures that we can absorb on the mucosa of the large intestine?

A
  • absorptive cells for water and salt
  • goblet cells produce mucus for protection and lubrication
  • invaginated intestinal glands
  • lack of villi compare to small intestine
43
Q

what is the rectum and what does it do?

A
  • last part of the large intestine
  • stores feces
44
Q

what connects rectum to anus?

A

anal canal

45
Q

describe the change in epithelium of anal canal and which structure mark the change?

A

anal column mark boundary where epithelium changes
- before: simple columnar
- after: stratified squamous

46
Q

there are 2 sphincters working together to control defacation:
- _______1______ anal sphincter made up of ______2_____ muscle, therefore has involuntary control
- external anal sphincter made up of _______3_______, therefore has ________4________ control

A

1: internal
2: smooth
3: skeletal
4: voluntary

47
Q

describe the defecation reflex process?

A
  • movement of feces into rectum stimulates stretch receptors
  • internal anal sphincter relaxes
  • conscious decision to defecate –> external anal sphincter relaxes
  • muscular contractions expel feces from body
48
Q

what are the functions of liver?

A
  • metabolic processes
  • detoxifies blood
  • produces bile
49
Q

where is the liver located?

A

superior right quadrant of abdominopelvic cavity

50
Q

what attach liver to stomach?

A

lesser omentum

51
Q

what is the shape of the liver

A

wedge shaped

52
Q

what is gallbladder? what does it do?

A
  • hollow organ below liver
  • stores and concentrates bile
53
Q

what connects gallbladder to bile duct?

A

cystic duct

54
Q

describe the blood supply of the liver and the percentage of each?

A
  • receive 25% of cardiac output
  • 1/3 blood supply to liver is from hepatic artery
  • 2/3 blood supply to liver is from hepatic portal veins: which mean it is nutrient rich deoxygenated blood from small intestine
55
Q

what structure process the received blood in liver?

A

hepatocyte

56
Q

where does the hepatic vessels and bile duct travel within?

A

lesser omentum

57
Q

what is the functional unit of liver called?

A

lobule

58
Q

describe the structure of a lobule

A
  • hexagon-shaped
  • rows of hepatocytes to produce bile
  • liver sinusoids between rows of cells
  • bile canaliculi between cells
  • central vein
  • portal triad
59
Q

what is portal triad?

A

a group of vessels consist of:
- branch of hepatic artery
- branch of hepatic portal vein
- bile duct

60
Q

describe the blood flow and file production within the lobule of the liver?

A
  • blood flows from hepatic portal vein to central vein
  • during flow, being processed by hepatocytes which produce bile
  • bile secreted into canaliculi and then travel to bile duct
  • then central vein drains blood into hepatic vein which drains into inferior vena cava
  • meanwhile bile travels to gallbladder to be stored and concentrated
  • then bile duct joins the pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla
61
Q

what is bile?

A

a physiological aqueous solution produced and secreted by the liver. It consists mainly of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes, and water

HUBS192 (23 decks)

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