Venereal Diseases in Bovines and Equines Flashcards
1
Q
3 common venereal diseases in the bovine
A
- Trichomoniasis
- Campylobacteriosis
- Ureaplasma
2
Q
what is Trichomoniasis? where does it live?
A
- Trichomonas foetus (Tritrichomonas)
- Flagellated protozoal parasite
- Undulating membrane – see under microscope
- Colonize epithelium of penis and prepuce of mature bulls
3
Q
how is trichomoniasis transmitted?
A
Transmission by bulls riding each other, bull to cow to bull, or by contaminated AI equipment or semen
4
Q
clinical signs of trichomoniasis in bulls
A
none - asymptomatic carriers
5
Q
clinical signs of trichomoniasis in cows
A
‐ Syndrome of infertility
* Repeat breeders
* Irregular estrus intervals (a sign of early embryonic death ‐ EED)
* Post‐breeding pyometra
* Vaginitis, endometritis
* Open cows
6
Q
Trichomoniasis prognosis
A
- Spontaneous recovery in cows may occur after 3 months * ‐cows develop immunity
- May become pregnant if long enough breeding season
- Poor for bull ‐ carrier state – source of infection– cull
7
Q
trichomoniasis control/prevention
A
- Vaccination
- Use A.I. with tested/cleared bulls
8
Q
what is Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)?
A
- Campylobacter fetus spp. Venerealis
- Gram negative, motile, extracellular microaerophilic rod
9
Q
where does Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) live? how is it spread?
A
- Young bulls – if exposed before 3 yrs of age they will spread disease but usually clear it and become free of infection
- Old bulls – organism lives in epithelial crypts of penis/prepuce that develop after 4 yrs of age
10
Q
what are symptoms of Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) in old bulls?
A
- Old bulls – organism lives in epithelial crypts of penis/prepuce that develop after 4 yrs of age
- Become asymptomatic carriers
11
Q
how is Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) spread?
A
- Spreads bull to cow (to bull), or by bulls riding other bulls
- Also thru contaminated AI equipment
12
Q
Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) clinical signs in bulls
A
none
13
Q
Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) clinical signs in cows
A
Syndrome of infertility:
* Repeat breeders
* Irregular estrus intervals (EED)
* Open cows
* Long breeding and calving seasons
* Mild salpingitis and endometritis
14
Q
Campylobacteriosis prognosis
A
- Cows usually clear the infection within 3‐6 months
- Develop immunity and become pregnant
- Young bulls also develop immunity
15
Q
Campylobacteriosis control
A
- Cull older bulls
- Vaccination
- Use AI with tested/cleared bulls
16
Q
what is Ureaplasmosis? what are the organism characteristics and where does it live?
A
(Granular vulvitis)
Ureaplasma diversum
* Small organism
* No cell wall
* Normal inhabitant
> Cows – vulva and vagina
> Bulls – distal urethra, prepuce and semen – surface of sperm
* Virulent/non‐virulent strains
17
Q
clinical signs of Ureaplasma (Granular vulvitis)? what can happen if organisms are introduced into the uterus?
A
Syndrome of infertility
* Granular vulvitis (classic)
>repeat breeders
>abortions placentitis
- Vulva inflamed, hyperemic
- Discrete raised red granules
- Profuse sticky mucopurulent vulvar discharge
- Balanoposthitis in the bull
- If organisms are introduced into uterus (at AI or breeding) a mild endometritis +/‐ salpingitis results ‐‐‐ leads to Early embryonic death (EED)
18
Q
Ureaplasmosis prognosis
A
- Recurrent, so depends on management
- Virulent strains
- Lives in semen, including frozen semen
19
Q
Ureaplasmosis control strategies
A
- No vaccine – “live with it”
- Minimize contamination at breeding
- AI with (sheath or double rod technique) to avoid introducing organism into uterus from vagina
- Infusion/douche with tetracycline
20
Q
trichomonas summary of clinical findings in cow and bull
A
cow:
-post-breeding pyometra (diff from campy)
-endometritis
-early embryonic death
Bull: normal
21
Q
campylobacter summary of clinical findings in cow and bull
A
cow:
-endometritis
-EED
bull:
normal
22
Q
ureoplasma summary of clinical findings in cow and bull
A
cow:
-granlular vulvitis
-EED
-abortion
Bull:
balanoposthitis
23
Q
how to differentiate Trich from Campy?
A
-culture organism
* Specialized transport media – contact lab first
24
Q
how to take culture to differentiate trich fom campy
A
- Specialized transport media – contact lab first
- Cows – using sheathed AI rod and syringe, collect mucous from anterior vagina and cervix
- Bulls – preputial scrapings – a more reliable way to diagnose a herd problem than sampling lots of cows
- Require 3 consecutive tests two weeks apart to ensure free of disease
25
Control and Prevention – Trich and Campy
* Goal is eradication from herd
* Testing bulls is more rewarding – cull
* Keep only young bulls
* Avoid group housing and sharing of bulls
* Use of AI
>many states in USA have testing req's and movement restrictions
26
Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine symptoms in male
* Presents with bloody preputial discharge
* Cauliflower‐like friable masses on penis
27
Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine - how is it transmitted? what tissues does it infect
* Tumour is transplanted from dog to dog by direct contact
* Usually genitalia, but oral or nasal mucous membranes too
28
Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine geographic range
* Uncommon in NA and Europe
* Enzootic in Central/SA, Africa, Asia
* The most common canine tumour diagnosed in Japan, Bahamas and India
29
Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine diagnosis
* Preputial cytology
* Impression smears
* Large round cells with central nucleus
30
Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine treatment
* Surgical excision plus
* Chemotherapy
* Vincristine –IV once weekly for 3‐6 weeks
* Remission by 6th treatment
31
is metastasis likely with canine transmissable venereal tumor?
no, uncommon
32
what is dourine? where do we find it geographically? Is it reportable?
covering sickness of horses
-Causative agent is the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma equiperdum
* Eradicated from NA and Europe
* Endemic to Central and South America, Africa, Asia
* Reportable disease in Canada, USA
33
what is the causative agent of dourine and how is dourine transmitted?
* Causative agent is the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma equiperdum
* Usually transmitted stallion– to–mare
* Mare to foal – placenta or milk
* Asymptomatic carriers
34
what are the symptoms of dourine? prognosis?
* Severe edema of genitals
> Penis, prepuce, scrotum
> Vulva, vagina, perineum
* Ventral edema
* Emaciation
* Leukodermic patches
* Neurological signs
* 50‐70% death rate
* Affected horses are usually euthanized
35
what pathogen causes Equine coital exanthema?
* Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV‐3)
36
when do we see sings of Equine coital exanthema? what symptoms do we see in the mare and stallion?
* Clinical signs 5‐7 days after mating
Mare:
* Vesicles on vulva, perineum, anus
* Progress to pustules
* Heal in 7‐10 days
* May lose pigmentation
Stallion:
* Vesicles/pustules of penis and prepuce
* Pain may cause reluctance to breed
* Delays in breeding season
37
how do we diagnose Equine coital exanthema (EHV‐3)?
* Clinical signs
* Intranuclear inclusion bodies on biopsy/ histology
38
prognosis of Equine coital exanthema (EHV‐3)
-self limiting
* Does not affect fertility
* No treatment unless secondary infections
39
agents that cause bacterial venereal endometritis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
40
what kind of signs will we see from Bacterial Venereal Endometritis
* May cause acute post‐breeding endometritis
* Vaginal discharge, fluid in uterus, PMN’s on cytology
* Failure of pregnancy
* Asymptomatic carriers – stallions – culture on penis or in semen
41
how can we prevent or control Bacterial Venereal Endometritis
* Routine swabbing of mares pre‐breeding as part of stallion contract
* Do not send a mare for breeding by natural cover until she has a negative swab
* Stallion – AI using extender with antibiotic
42
how can we treat Bacterial Venereal Endometritis
* Treat as acute endometritis – uterine lavage and appropriate antibiotic based on culture and sensitivity – repeat swab following treatment
43
what is Equine viral arteritis (EVA)? how is it transmitted?
* Equine arteritis virus – an Arterivirus
* Not reportable in Canada, but it is reportable in USA
Transmission:
* Direct contact/aerosol from respiratory secretions
* Venereal by mating or AI – some stallions can shed for life
* Contact with aborted fetus/membranes/fluids
44
Equine viral arteritis symtoms
Signs range from sub‐clinical to severe
* Fever, depression, anorexia
* Ventral and distal limb edema, mammary or prepucial/scrotal edema, urticaria
* Conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
* Abortion
* Pneumonia in foals
45
how is Equine viral arteritis (EVA) spread? how long do mares shed it for after breeding and what is the result?
* Mares infected at breeding shed virus for up to 21 days
* Source of infection for other pregnant mares on farm – leads to abortion
* Outbreak in QH’s 2006 in USA resulted from semen collection for chilled shipped AI of
2 stallions with mild respiratory signs and fever
46
source of infection of equine arteritis?
natural cover or AI with fresh or frozen semen
47
Equine viral arteritis (EVA) ‐ Control
* Serological Testing of all stallions
* Semen testing for sero‐positive stallions to determine
carrier status
* Vaccination of mares prior to breeding with infected stallion/semen (isolate them for 21 d after)
* Yearly Vaccination of negative stallions – MLV vaccine
* Antibody response to vaccination indistinguishable
from response to natural infection
* Export of sero‐positive horses to some countries may not be allowed (keep in mind when advising clients)
48
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) causative agent
Taylorella equigenitalis
* Fastidious microaerophilic, Gram‐negative coccobacillus
49
what is Contagious equine metritis (CEM) caused by? is it contagious and how is it spread?
* Causative agent: Taylorella equigenitalis
* Fastidious microaerophilic, Gram‐negative coccobacillus
* Federally reportable disease in Canada
* Highly contagious venereal disease
Spread to mares by infected stallion:
* Natural cover
* AI – in contaminated semen or by fomites
50
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) clinical signs in stallion and mare
Mare infertility – signs may range from inapparent to mild to severe
* Acute endometritis and cervicitis
* Copious vaginal discharge
* Signs start 2‐10 days after breeding * Early return to estrus (7‐10 days)
Stallions – no outward signs
* May be found during testing for export of semen
51
who can be an asymptomatic Contagious equine metritis (CEM) carrier? what are the signs and impact?
Both stallions and mares can be/become asymptomatic carriers
* No outward signs
* Carry and can transmit the organism
* May be restricted to caudal tract (clitoral sinus) in some carrier mares
> Can conceive and carry a foal to term
52
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) diagnosis
* Done under CFIA veterinary supervision
* Specific swabs – done without any washing of area
* Mare: clitoral fossa and clitoral sinuses; cervix or endometrium if not pregnant
* Stallion: urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath
* Amies charcoal media
* Must be received at lab within 48 hrs – on ice
* rt‐PCR
* Serology (CF or IFAT) in test mares
Differential diagnosis:
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
53
do we have Contagious equine metritis (CEM) in canada?
no
present is UK, USA, etc. though
54
is diagnosis of Contagious equine metritis (CEM) reliable in stallions? what is a consequence of this - what must we do?
* Cultures in stallions are unreliable for detection of carriers
* Test breeding of 2 mares is required
* These mares are cultured and serum‐tested for CEM
55
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) treatment for stallion or mare? when do we consider an animal clear?
* Ceruminolytic
* Scrub with chlorhexidine – 4% solution
> Mare: clitoral body, fossa, sinuses
> Stallion: penis, prepuce
* Pack with silver sulfadiazine ointment
> Mare: clitoral fossa, sinuses
> Stallion: fossa glandis, urethral fossa, prepuce
* +/‐ Add uterine infusion for mares
* Repeat for 5 days
* Cultures repeated >7 days after therapy
> Three consecutive negatives >7 days apart = clear
56
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) prevention
Strict import regulations – horses
* Pre‐importation testing
* Post‐importation quarantine and testing
* ~2% of imported stallions found positive for CEM during quarantine in the US
Strict import regulations – semen
Maintain strict hygiene
* Wash water/buckets
* Disposable phantom covers
* Disposable gloves
* Disinfect equipment
57
CEM – implications of the outbreak
* First 6 months of the outbreak est. to cost $3.5 million in the USA
* 14 countries have increased CEM requirements for horses coming from the USA (and Canada)
* Est. costs: $6 million
* Increased restrictions for stallion semen exported to Canada from USA persist today – costs, forms, delays
