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Therio > Venereal Diseases in Bovines and Equines > Flashcards

Venereal Diseases in Bovines and Equines Flashcards

1
Q

3 common venereal diseases in the bovine

A
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Campylobacteriosis
  • Ureaplasma
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2
Q

what is Trichomoniasis? where does it live?

A
  • Trichomonas foetus (Tritrichomonas)
  • Flagellated protozoal parasite
  • Undulating membrane – see under microscope
  • Colonize epithelium of penis and prepuce of mature bulls
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3
Q

how is trichomoniasis transmitted?

A

Transmission by bulls riding each other, bull to cow to bull, or by contaminated AI equipment or semen

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4
Q

clinical signs of trichomoniasis in bulls

A

none - asymptomatic carriers

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5
Q

clinical signs of trichomoniasis in cows

A

‐ Syndrome of infertility
* Repeat breeders
* Irregular estrus intervals (a sign of early embryonic death ‐ EED)
* Post‐breeding pyometra
* Vaginitis, endometritis
* Open cows

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6
Q

Trichomoniasis prognosis

A
  • Spontaneous recovery in cows may occur after 3 months * ‐cows develop immunity
  • May become pregnant if long enough breeding season
  • Poor for bull ‐ carrier state – source of infection– cull
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7
Q

trichomoniasis control/prevention

A
  • Vaccination
  • Use A.I. with tested/cleared bulls
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8
Q

what is Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)?

A
  • Campylobacter fetus spp. Venerealis
  • Gram negative, motile, extracellular microaerophilic rod
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9
Q

where does Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) live? how is it spread?

A
  • Young bulls – if exposed before 3 yrs of age they will spread disease but usually clear it and become free of infection
  • Old bulls – organism lives in epithelial crypts of penis/prepuce that develop after 4 yrs of age
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10
Q

what are symptoms of Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) in old bulls?

A
  • Old bulls – organism lives in epithelial crypts of penis/prepuce that develop after 4 yrs of age
  • Become asymptomatic carriers
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11
Q

how is Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) spread?

A
  • Spreads bull to cow (to bull), or by bulls riding other bulls
  • Also thru contaminated AI equipment
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12
Q

Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) clinical signs in bulls

A

none

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13
Q

Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) clinical signs in cows

A

Syndrome of infertility:
* Repeat breeders
* Irregular estrus intervals (EED)
* Open cows
* Long breeding and calving seasons
* Mild salpingitis and endometritis

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14
Q

Campylobacteriosis prognosis

A
  • Cows usually clear the infection within 3‐6 months
  • Develop immunity and become pregnant
  • Young bulls also develop immunity
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15
Q

Campylobacteriosis control

A
  • Cull older bulls
  • Vaccination
  • Use AI with tested/cleared bulls
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16
Q

what is Ureaplasmosis? what are the organism characteristics and where does it live?

A

(Granular vulvitis)
Ureaplasma diversum
* Small organism
* No cell wall
* Normal inhabitant
> Cows – vulva and vagina
> Bulls – distal urethra, prepuce and semen – surface of sperm
* Virulent/non‐virulent strains

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17
Q

clinical signs of Ureaplasma (Granular vulvitis)? what can happen if organisms are introduced into the uterus?

A

Syndrome of infertility
* Granular vulvitis (classic)
>repeat breeders
>abortions placentitis

  • Vulva inflamed, hyperemic
  • Discrete raised red granules
  • Profuse sticky mucopurulent vulvar discharge
  • Balanoposthitis in the bull
  • If organisms are introduced into uterus (at AI or breeding) a mild endometritis +/‐ salpingitis results ‐‐‐ leads to Early embryonic death (EED)
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18
Q

Ureaplasmosis prognosis

A
  • Recurrent, so depends on management
  • Virulent strains
  • Lives in semen, including frozen semen
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19
Q

Ureaplasmosis control strategies

A
  • No vaccine – “live with it”
  • Minimize contamination at breeding
  • AI with (sheath or double rod technique) to avoid introducing organism into uterus from vagina
  • Infusion/douche with tetracycline
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20
Q

trichomonas summary of clinical findings in cow and bull

A

cow:
-post-breeding pyometra (diff from campy)
-endometritis
-early embryonic death

Bull: normal

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21
Q

campylobacter summary of clinical findings in cow and bull

A

cow:
-endometritis
-EED

bull:
normal

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22
Q

ureoplasma summary of clinical findings in cow and bull

A

cow:
-granlular vulvitis
-EED
-abortion

Bull:
balanoposthitis

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23
Q

how to differentiate Trich from Campy?

A

-culture organism
* Specialized transport media – contact lab first

24
Q

how to take culture to differentiate trich fom campy

A
  • Specialized transport media – contact lab first
  • Cows – using sheathed AI rod and syringe, collect mucous from anterior vagina and cervix
  • Bulls – preputial scrapings – a more reliable way to diagnose a herd problem than sampling lots of cows
  • Require 3 consecutive tests two weeks apart to ensure free of disease
25
Q

Control and Prevention – Trich and Campy

A
  • Goal is eradication from herd
  • Testing bulls is more rewarding – cull
  • Keep only young bulls
  • Avoid group housing and sharing of bulls
  • Use of AI

> many states in USA have testing req’s and movement restrictions

26
Q

Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine symptoms in male

A
  • Presents with bloody preputial discharge
  • Cauliflower‐like friable masses on penis
27
Q

Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine - how is it transmitted? what tissues does it infect

A
  • Tumour is transplanted from dog to dog by direct contact
  • Usually genitalia, but oral or nasal mucous membranes too
28
Q

Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine geographic range

A
  • Uncommon in NA and Europe
  • Enzootic in Central/SA, Africa, Asia
  • The most common canine tumour diagnosed in Japan, Bahamas and India
29
Q

Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine diagnosis

A
  • Preputial cytology
  • Impression smears
  • Large round cells with central nucleus
30
Q

Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT) in Canine treatment

A
  • Surgical excision plus
  • Chemotherapy
  • Vincristine –IV once weekly for 3‐6 weeks
  • Remission by 6th treatment
31
Q

is metastasis likely with canine transmissable venereal tumor?

A

no, uncommon

32
Q

what is dourine? where do we find it geographically? Is it reportable?

A

covering sickness of horses
-Causative agent is the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma equiperdum

  • Eradicated from NA and Europe
  • Endemic to Central and South America, Africa, Asia
  • Reportable disease in Canada, USA
33
Q

what is the causative agent of dourine and how is dourine transmitted?

A
  • Causative agent is the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma equiperdum
  • Usually transmitted stallion– to–mare
  • Mare to foal – placenta or milk
  • Asymptomatic carriers
34
Q

what are the symptoms of dourine? prognosis?

A
  • Severe edema of genitals
    > Penis, prepuce, scrotum
    > Vulva, vagina, perineum
  • Ventral edema
  • Emaciation
  • Leukodermic patches
  • Neurological signs
  • 50‐70% death rate
  • Affected horses are usually euthanized
35
Q

what pathogen causes Equine coital exanthema?

A
  • Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV‐3)
36
Q

when do we see sings of Equine coital exanthema? what symptoms do we see in the mare and stallion?

A
  • Clinical signs 5‐7 days after mating

Mare:
* Vesicles on vulva, perineum, anus
* Progress to pustules
* Heal in 7‐10 days
* May lose pigmentation

Stallion:
* Vesicles/pustules of penis and prepuce
* Pain may cause reluctance to breed
* Delays in breeding season

37
Q

how do we diagnose Equine coital exanthema (EHV‐3)?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Intranuclear inclusion bodies on biopsy/ histology
38
Q

prognosis of Equine coital exanthema (EHV‐3)

A

-self limiting
* Does not affect fertility
* No treatment unless secondary infections

39
Q

agents that cause bacterial venereal endometritis

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Klebsiella pneumoniae

40
Q

what kind of signs will we see from Bacterial Venereal Endometritis

A
  • May cause acute post‐breeding endometritis
  • Vaginal discharge, fluid in uterus, PMN’s on cytology
  • Failure of pregnancy
  • Asymptomatic carriers – stallions – culture on penis or in semen
41
Q

how can we prevent or control Bacterial Venereal Endometritis

A
  • Routine swabbing of mares pre‐breeding as part of stallion contract
  • Do not send a mare for breeding by natural cover until she has a negative swab
  • Stallion – AI using extender with antibiotic
42
Q

how can we treat Bacterial Venereal Endometritis

A
  • Treat as acute endometritis – uterine lavage and appropriate antibiotic based on culture and sensitivity – repeat swab following treatment
43
Q

what is Equine viral arteritis (EVA)? how is it transmitted?

A
  • Equine arteritis virus – an Arterivirus
  • Not reportable in Canada, but it is reportable in USA

Transmission:
* Direct contact/aerosol from respiratory secretions
* Venereal by mating or AI – some stallions can shed for life
* Contact with aborted fetus/membranes/fluids

44
Q

Equine viral arteritis symtoms

A

Signs range from sub‐clinical to severe

  • Fever, depression, anorexia
  • Ventral and distal limb edema, mammary or prepucial/scrotal edema, urticaria
  • Conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
  • Abortion
  • Pneumonia in foals
45
Q

how is Equine viral arteritis (EVA) spread? how long do mares shed it for after breeding and what is the result?

A
  • Mares infected at breeding shed virus for up to 21 days
  • Source of infection for other pregnant mares on farm – leads to abortion
  • Outbreak in QH’s 2006 in USA resulted from semen collection for chilled shipped AI of
    2 stallions with mild respiratory signs and fever
46
Q

source of infection of equine arteritis?

A

natural cover or AI with fresh or frozen semen

47
Q

Equine viral arteritis (EVA) ‐ Control

A
  • Serological Testing of all stallions
  • Semen testing for sero‐positive stallions to determine
    carrier status
  • Vaccination of mares prior to breeding with infected stallion/semen (isolate them for 21 d after)
  • Yearly Vaccination of negative stallions – MLV vaccine
  • Antibody response to vaccination indistinguishable
    from response to natural infection
  • Export of sero‐positive horses to some countries may not be allowed (keep in mind when advising clients)
48
Q

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) causative agent

A

Taylorella equigenitalis
* Fastidious microaerophilic, Gram‐negative coccobacillus

49
Q

what is Contagious equine metritis (CEM) caused by? is it contagious and how is it spread?

A
  • Causative agent: Taylorella equigenitalis
  • Fastidious microaerophilic, Gram‐negative coccobacillus
  • Federally reportable disease in Canada
  • Highly contagious venereal disease

Spread to mares by infected stallion:
* Natural cover
* AI – in contaminated semen or by fomites

50
Q

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) clinical signs in stallion and mare

A

Mare infertility – signs may range from inapparent to mild to severe
* Acute endometritis and cervicitis
* Copious vaginal discharge
* Signs start 2‐10 days after breeding * Early return to estrus (7‐10 days)

Stallions – no outward signs
* May be found during testing for export of semen

51
Q

who can be an asymptomatic Contagious equine metritis (CEM) carrier? what are the signs and impact?

A

Both stallions and mares can be/become asymptomatic carriers
* No outward signs
* Carry and can transmit the organism
* May be restricted to caudal tract (clitoral sinus) in some carrier mares
> Can conceive and carry a foal to term

52
Q

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) diagnosis

A
  • Done under CFIA veterinary supervision
  • Specific swabs – done without any washing of area
  • Mare: clitoral fossa and clitoral sinuses; cervix or endometrium if not pregnant
  • Stallion: urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath
  • Amies charcoal media
  • Must be received at lab within 48 hrs – on ice
  • rt‐PCR
  • Serology (CF or IFAT) in test mares

Differential diagnosis:
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa

53
Q

do we have Contagious equine metritis (CEM) in canada?

A

no
present is UK, USA, etc. though

54
Q

is diagnosis of Contagious equine metritis (CEM) reliable in stallions? what is a consequence of this - what must we do?

A
  • Cultures in stallions are unreliable for detection of carriers
  • Test breeding of 2 mares is required
  • These mares are cultured and serum‐tested for CEM
55
Q

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) treatment for stallion or mare? when do we consider an animal clear?

A
  • Ceruminolytic
  • Scrub with chlorhexidine – 4% solution
    > Mare: clitoral body, fossa, sinuses
    > Stallion: penis, prepuce
  • Pack with silver sulfadiazine ointment
    > Mare: clitoral fossa, sinuses
    > Stallion: fossa glandis, urethral fossa, prepuce
  • +/‐ Add uterine infusion for mares
  • Repeat for 5 days
  • Cultures repeated >7 days after therapy
    > Three consecutive negatives >7 days apart = clear
56
Q

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) prevention

A

Strict import regulations – horses
* Pre‐importation testing
* Post‐importation quarantine and testing
* ~2% of imported stallions found positive for CEM during quarantine in the US

Strict import regulations – semen

Maintain strict hygiene
* Wash water/buckets
* Disposable phantom covers
* Disposable gloves
* Disinfect equipment

57
Q

CEM – implications of the outbreak

A
  • First 6 months of the outbreak est. to cost $3.5 million in the USA
  • 14 countries have increased CEM requirements for horses coming from the USA (and Canada)
  • Est. costs: $6 million
  • Increased restrictions for stallion semen exported to Canada from USA persist today – costs, forms, delays

Therio (13 decks)

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