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Therio > 1.4.1 Pregnancy > Flashcards

1.4.1 Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

is failure to return to estrus a good predictor of pregnancy? why or why not?

A

Failure to return to estrus is a poor pregnancy test

False positives may be due to:
* Inaccurate estrus detection
* Missed estrus
* Not knowing signs of estrus

Prolonged diestrus or anestrus
* Cystic ovarian disease in cows
* Up to 20% of mares may have a prolonged luteal phase
* Signs of estrus in early pregnancy (~5%)

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2
Q

is false pregnancy common in horses?

A
  • Common in some species
  • NOT horses
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3
Q

what animals show false pregnancies? what are the associated behaviours?

A
  • Canine – may show mammary development, lactation and nesting behaviour
  • Caprine – develop enlarged abdomen, uterus full of fluid
    > “cloud burst” or mucometra
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4
Q

are Blood Tests for Pregnancy Factors useful in the ruminant?

A

nope

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5
Q

why dont we commonly use blood test for pregnancy glycoproteins in ruminants?

A

even though they work somewhat ok, have a delay and can only be used after a certain time, eg. 73 days after postpartum and 30 days after insemination

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6
Q

is hormonal analysis useful for pregnancy detection in cows?

A

Not really
* Progesterone
* Low levels 19 – 21 days post breeding are suggestive of estrus and NON pregnancy

High levels do not confirm pregnancy
* Cannot differentiate from Diestrus
* Pyometra, mummified fetus etc.
* Progesterone is NOT a good pregnancy test

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7
Q
  • Is progesterone a good pregnancy test in the mare?
A

no, it is not even the main pregnancy-sustaining hormone after about 120 days and will be very low even if she is pregnant

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8
Q

is eCG a good way to test for pregnancy in a mare? what are advantages and disadvantages?

A
  • Test between 40 and 120 days
  • Cups persist through 120 days even if
    fetus dies = false positives
  • False negatives = tails of curve
  • Too early in pregnancy
  • Too late – after cups are gone
  • Can use together with estrone sulfate – tandem assay repeated after 2‐4 wks
  • If show rising levels of estrone, with continued presence of eCG, indicates live fetus, viable pregnancy
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9
Q

is estrogen sulfate a useful hormone to test for in the mare to diagnose pregnancy? if so, when?

A

Estrone sulfate (conjugated estrogen):
* Serum estrogens elevated as soon as Day 35‐40
* After Day 60 feto‐placental source
* Diagnostic of pregnancy by day 45 >6.0 ng/ml
(BEWARE THE MINI: day 80 >60.0 ng/ml)
* Can be used for fetal viability prior to 7 months gestation

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10
Q

is a progesterone test useful to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch? what might we use instead and is it useful?

A
  • Progesterone is NOT useful (same diestrus phase whether pregnant or not)
  • Relaxin hormone
  • Witness® or ReproCheck®
  • Produced by canine placenta – increases in pregnancy, NOT diestrus
  • From days 22‐27 after breeding
  • False positives and negatives can occur
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11
Q

what do we expect to feel on a <3 month pregnant cow? can we get a better age range and if so how?

A
  • light cervix
  • One horn bouncy and thin walled, 1”-3” dia, CL on same side ovary
    > other horn no bounce and thick walled = 30 to 50 days
  • both horns bouncy, thin walled, same size; ballot fetus = 60-90 days
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12
Q

what do we expect to feel on a >3 month pregnant cow?

A

-ballot fetus

Assess size of cotyledons:
quarter = 3 mos
toonie = 4 mos
silver dollar = 5 mos

assess fremitus:
begins by pregnant horn at about 3-4 mos
both horns from 7 mos

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13
Q

The four absolute (definite) signs for bovine pregnancy on rectal palpation:

A
  • Amniotic vesicle
  • Fetal membrane slip
  • Fetus
  • Placentomes
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14
Q

what is fetal membrane slip? can it be felt in the hose?

A

slipping of chorio-alantois within uterus. cannot be felt in horse because horse has diffuse placenta

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15
Q

when in bovine pregnancy can we feel a fluid filled horn with CL on the same side?

A

heifers: 30d
cows: 30-40d

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16
Q

when in bovine pregnancy can we feel a fetal membrane slip?

A

> 30d

17
Q

when in bovine pregnancy can we ballot fetus?

A

> 70d

18
Q

when in bovine pregnancy can we feel placentomes?

A

> d 80-90

19
Q

when in bovine pregnancy can we feel fremitus?

A

> d 80-120

20
Q

what is fremitus? significance?

A
  • “buzzing” of the middle uterine artery within broad lig.
  • Apply slight pressure to artery to feel
  • Associated with pregnancy but not definitive
21
Q

how can we estimate the gestational age in cows based on horn diameter? size of fetus?

A

Horn diameter:
* Day 30 – 1 in. diameter
* Day 60 – 3 in. diameter
* Day 90 – 6 in. diameter

Size of fetus:
* Day 60 – large mouse
* Day 90 – rat
* Day 120 – cat

22
Q

what will the uterus feel like upon palpation in the mare during pregnancy?

A
  • Increase in cervical and uterine tone
    > Usually by day 15‐18
23
Q

when during a mare’s pregnancy can we detect a bulge at the base of the uterine horn? where, exactly?

A
  • Detect bulge at the base of uterine horn
  • Ventral aspect
  • By day 20‐25
24
Q

when during a mare’s pregnancy will we be able to ballot the fetus?

A
  • Day 90‐120
25
Q

at what point during the bitch’s pregnancy is abdominal palpation safe? what can we feel?

A
  • Abdominal palpation is reliable and safe between 25‐30 days
  • At this stage individual sacs can be palpated
26
Q

what is the earliest day we can detect the bovine fetus via ultrasound? when can we see the placentomes?

A

approx day 27
* Placentomes first visible on U/S by day (30-)35(‐40)

27
Q

what is the earliest day we can detect the equine fetus via ultrasound?

A
  • Equine: day 10 (day 14 is typical)
28
Q

what is the earliest day we can detect the small ruminant fetus via ultrasound transrectally, or transabdominally?

A
  • Transrectal: day 18
  • Transabdominal: day 35
29
Q

what is the earliest day we can detect the porcine fetus via ultrasound?

A

transabdominal, from day 22

30
Q

what is the earliest day we can detect the canine pregnancy via ultrasound?

A

day 18 from OV

31
Q

what is the earliest day we can detect the feline pregnancy via ultrasound?

A
  • Feline: day 16 from OV
32
Q

what is the earliest we can detect the mare pregnancy via ultrasound? when is the usual first check?

A
  • In the mare pregnancy can be identified as early as 10 days post‐ ovulation by ultrasound
  • Day 14 is the usual first check
33
Q

what can we see with a doppler ultrasound? what does this allow for, regarding pregnancy?

A
  • Highlights blood flow
  • Earlier diagnosis
  • Fetal heartbeat
34
Q

what will we see with ultrasound in a goat false pregnancy?

A
  • Ultrasound is useful to differentiate pregnancy from hydrometra (false pregnancy) of goats
  • Fluid but absence of placentomes, no fetus
35
Q

what is the use of the ultrasound in the pregnant bitch? when can we detect pregnancy and what other info can we discern?

A
  • Transabdominal
  • As early as day 20
  • Estimation of fetal numbers
  • Fetal viability
  • Gestational age
  • Predict whelping dates
36
Q

at what point during bovine pregnancy can we use ultrasound to diagnose fetal gender? how do we do it?

A
  • Day 60 is ideal in cattle and mares for transrectal
  • Examine the area under the tail (female) and behind umbilicus (male) for genital tubercle
  • Later examinations > 90 days to look for gonads

Therio (13 decks)

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