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Therio > 1.4.2 Postpartum Conditions of the Mare > Flashcards

1.4.2 Postpartum Conditions of the Mare Flashcards

1
Q

what is Uterine Involution? when does it occur and how long does it take?

A
  • Mare and cow uterus returns to pregravid size by 25 to 32 days postpartum
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2
Q

how long does it take for most dairy cows to start cycling post partum?

A
  • Most (dairy) cows will start cycling by 25 days pp
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3
Q

how long after parturition does it take for the cow endometrium to be repaired? what is the voluntary waiting period?

A
  • Cow endometrium is repaired histologically by about 45 days postpartum
  • Voluntary waiting period 50‐60 days
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4
Q

how long does it take for the mare endometrium to be repaired post partum?

A
  • Mare endometrium is histologically normal by 14‐15 days postpartum
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5
Q

what is the “foal heat”? when does the next heat occur?

A
  • “Foal Heat” –first postpartum estrus ‐ at 9 days PP – can conceive and carry!
  • Next heat occurs 21 days later – “30 day heat”
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6
Q

when is foal heat breeding useful?

A
  • If the mare conceives on “foal heat” she will foal about one month earlier next year compared to this year
  • Very useful for mares foaling late in breeding season
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7
Q

issues associated with foal heat breeding?

A
  • Pregnancy rates are higher for mares ovulating after day 10 postpartum
    > Embryo enters uterus at day 6 post‐ovulation
  • Mares bred at foal heat have higher early embryonic death rates
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8
Q

how do we select mares that are good candidates for foal heat breeding?

A
  • Normal parturition and postpartum period
  • No intrauterine fluid by day 9
  • Good uterine involution – 9 cm diameter or less by day 9
  • Ovulating after day 10
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9
Q

is a mare ovulates 10 days after foaling, is pregnancy possible? why? what timeline is important to keep in mind here?

A
  • If she ovulates on day 10
  • and embryo enters uterus 5‐6 days after
    ovulation
  • the uterus is repaired by 14‐15 days postpartum
  • Then pregnancy IS possible! (if she ovulates day 10 or later)
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10
Q

important history to take for a postpartum exam?

A
  • Due date
  • Past foalings – how many, any history of problems
  • When did she foal?
  • Problems?
  • Pass Placenta?
  • Attitude, appetite?
  • Is Foal Nursing?
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11
Q

Postpartum Exam – Visual Inspection

A

Obvious:
* Retained Placenta
* Uterine Prolapse
* Vaginal Discharge – lochia vs. abnormal?
* Perineal Lacerations
* Udder

  • Attitude, Appetite, Painful?
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12
Q

what should we look at in a postpartum reproductive exam?

A
  • Rectal exam
  • Vaginoscopy
  • Vaginal Exam
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13
Q

what should we examine and what. abnormalities should we look for in a postpartum rectal exam?

A
  • Examine perineal area first
  • Assess uterine involution
    Abnormalities:
  • RV fistulas
  • Broad Ligaments
  • Uterine fluid
  • GI tract
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14
Q

what should we look for in a postpartum vaginal exam and vaginoscopy?

A
  • Always check for another fetus!!!
  • Vaginal tears or bruising
  • Cervical tears
  • Perineal lacerations
  • Assessment of retained placenta
  • Discharge – Odour? Character?
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15
Q

when can we see uterine tears in mares?

A
  • Dystocia, or normal‐appearing delivery
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16
Q

signs of a uterine tear in a mare

A
  • May be “off”, mild colic signs
  • Suspect in any mare with frank bloody discharge post partum
  • Mare becomes sick 1‐3 days postpartum due to endotoxemia and peritonitis (other main differential is RFM)
  • Free abdominal fluid on transabdominal ultrasound
  • Abdominocentesis –positive for blood in early stages
  • Positive for neutrophils and bacteria if peritonitis present
17
Q

treatment and prognosis for uterine tear in mare

A
  • If recognized early surgical repair carries a good prognosis for survival and future breeding
  • If found later, and peritonitis present, prognosis is guarded to poor
18
Q

what is a common spot for a uterine tear in a mare?

A
  • Ventral uterine body is a common location
  • Often tip of pregnant horn – cannot reach on vaginal exam
  • May find mare painful on rectal palpation of the affected portion of uterus
19
Q

is uterine prolapse common in cows and mares? when do we usually see it?

A
  • Common in cows
  • Rare in mares
  • Usually immediately postpartum
20
Q

factors that contribute to a uterine prolapse in mares

A
  • Dystocia, forced extraction, fetotomy
  • Manual removal of placenta
  • Uterine intertia
  • Twins
  • Following abortion
  • Rarely‐ assoc. with straining due to GI colic
21
Q

Uterine Prolapse Treatment. what is the prognosis?

A
  • A blood‐bath in mares
  • Sedation and Epidural
  • Clean well and replace
  • NO vulvar retention sutures
    > Severe swelling and necrosis of vulva
    > Cross‐tie in stall for 1‐2 days instead
  • Systemic antibiotics
  • Anti‐inflammatories
  • Prognosis good (if she survives) for future breeding
22
Q

is there a big risk of retained fetal membranes in cows and mares?

A
  • Unlike cows, potential for serious complications is high in mares
23
Q

presentation of retained fetal membranes

A

Rapid onset of toxic metritis, laminitis and death

24
Q

risk factors for retained fetal membranes in mares

A
  • Dystocia, twins, abortion
  • Draft mares (also at high risk for laminitis with RFM)
  • ? Low Vit E and Selenium
  • Genetics? – high prevalence in Friesian breed
25
Q

at what point do we consider fetal membranes to be retained?

A
  • Retained if not passed within 3 hours
26
Q

is diagnosis of rfm obvious in mares? when will we see signs and what signs should we look for?
what should we be mindful of?

A

diagnosis - obvious if hanging from vulva, but may not be

May present 1‐2 days postpartum with metritis (fever, anorexia, foul vaginal discharge, signs of laminitis)
‐ always be suspicious of remnants left behind in a sick postpartum mare

27
Q

what should we look for/ will we find on a physical exam in mares?

A
  • Increased digital pulses?, mucous membranes,
    dehydration, toxemia, pyrexia, anorexia
  • Perform vaginal exam using aseptic technique
  • Evaluate how tightly adhered
28
Q

should we forcibly remove retained fetal membranes in the mare? why or why not?

A

DO NOT forcibly remove – can cause:
* Severe hemorrhage – even death
* Inversion of a uterine horn
* Uterine prolapse
* Leave a piece behind – toxemia and death
* Scarring and infertility with microscopic remnants

=>if very loose/not adhered, we can twist to remove

29
Q

how do we treat rfm in mares?

A
  • Low dose oxytocin – 10 ‐ 20 I.U. repeated
    >uterine contraction, expulsion
  • Uterine lavage
  • Systemic therapy if indicated or if a draft mare
    >antibiotics, antiinflammatories, fluid therapy
  • Monitor for complications
30
Q

what is burns technique? when can we use it?

A

for retained fetal membranes:
* Distend the intact chorioallantois with fluid – 20‐30 mins
* Stretches membranes and uterus
* Separation – detachment
* Can only be done when membranes are completely intact (no holes)

31
Q

Is Infusion of Umbilical Vessels with Water for RFM in Mares effective? when can we use it?

A
  • Seems to work well in uncomplicated cases
  • Risky if it does not work immediately
  • Particularly if the integrity of the abdominal wall is compromised (eg. with hydrops cases, or post C‐section)
  • Or if you suspect uterine artery rupture/broad ligament hematoma
32
Q

when we remove RFM in mares, what should we ensure about the removed membranes?

A

-always inspect the membranes for completeness

33
Q

how can we diagnose a hematoma postpartum in a mare? what should we be careful about?

A

Physical exam:
* Depressed, uncomfortable, mild colic signs
* Pale mucous membranes
* Rapid, weak pulse

Vaginal exam:
* Bloody vaginal discharge (may or may not be present)

  • Rectal exam: Feel a mass
  • Palpate broad ligament for hematoma
  • BUT – there are disadvantages to rectal exam in a mare with a hematoma. Can also do:
  • Abdominocentesis for blood
  • Abdominal ultrasound for free fluid
  • CBC and PCV
  • Suspicion based on clinical signs
34
Q

what type of mares more commonly get a broad ligament hematoma?

A
  • More common in older, pluriparous mares
35
Q

treatment for broad ligament hematoma in mares? Prognosis?

A
  • Keep quiet – consider low dose acepromazine if mare is anxious
  • Supportive care – fluid therapy, blood transfusion
  • +/‐ oxytocin;
  • N‐butyl alcohol; aminocaproic acid; IV Formalin?, naloxone and other shock therapies
  • Monitor PCV and MM colour
  • If hemorrhage into abdomen ‐ prognosis is grave
  • Usually live if hemorrhage limited to broad ligament
    -low risk for repeat blled if breeding again
36
Q

Differentials for Sick Postpartum Mare

A

-uterine tear
-RFM
-anterior vaginal/cervical tear into abdomen
-GI accident/colic
-broad ligament hematoma
-ruptured bladder

37
Q

Differentials for bloody discharge in the post partum mare

A
  • Uterine tear
  • Uterine wall hematoma
  • Uterine prolapse
  • Uterine artery +/- hematoma

Therio (13 decks)

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