Vehicle Extrication Flashcards
1
Q
Successful operation of the vehicle incident is defined by how ___ and ___ it was conducted
A
effectively and safely
2
Q
The ___ should establish the level of capability at which the organization will perform technical rescue operations. Based on: (3)
A
AHJ-Types of hazards-Level of personnel training-Resources
3
Q
___ should be available to review and inspect training documentation
A
Authorized rescue team members and personnel
4
Q
Awareness level requirements (9)
A
-Size up-Recognizing the need-Establishing scene safety zones-Initiating site and traffic control/scene management-Identifying general hazards-Reporting progress to command-Managing environmental concerns-Rehabilitation -Supporting the IAP and operations/technician level rescuers
5
Q
Operations level requirements
A
-Create IAP-Establishing fire protection-Stabilize vehicle-Isolate/manage hazards-Accessing a passenger vehicle to extricate victims-Operating extrication hand tools and equipment-Recognizing and controlling incident hazards-Disentangling, packaging, removing victim-Terminating a vehicle incident
6
Q
Technician level requirements
A
must be able to apply all techniques from operations level to commercial or heavy vehicles
7
Q
___ and ___ are the keys to effective response, organization, and management.
A
Planning and training
8
Q
Primary entities in a standard extrication response plan (5)
A
-Extrication team-EMS-Fire protection-Police-Relevant outside agencies
9
Q
___ is the key to successful response plan
A
Proper communication
10
Q
The hazard and risk assessment survey should include (7)
A
-Traffic patterns-Weather-Terrain-Construction-Previously identified high-risk areas-Locations with decreased visibility-Alternate response routes
11
Q
Comparing the risk to rescuers at the scene with the possible benefit of encountering those risks
A
Risk-benefit analysis (Awareness level)
12
Q
Environmental factors that may influence a vehicle incident (3)
A
-Weather-Time of day-Terrain
13
Q
Every year, approximately ___ firefighters die on roadways as a result of being struck by vehicles
A
6 to 8
14
Q
Implement ___ and ___ to detour approaching vehicles around the scene hazards
A
signage and cones
15
Q
___ the vehicle before rescue personnel work around or enter a vehicle involved in a collision
A
Stabilize
16
Q
A suggested best practice is to have an ___ available for rescuers at every emergency incident in addition to any others that may be standing by to treat and/or transport the victims.
A
ambulance
17
Q
The frequency with which the crews will need to be rotated will vary with (3)
A
-Conditions-PPE being worn-Activities they are engaged in
18
Q
Every extrication operation requires an ISO. On vehicle incidents that do not exceed the span of control, the ISO functions remain with
A
the IC
19
Q
A personnel accountability system is needed in any operation that required
A
rescuers or rescue crews to enter a hazard zone
20
Q
One of the most important skills for rescue personnel at vehicle incidents is the ability to recognize
A
existing and potential dangers to themselves and others
21
Q
From the standpoint of survival, ___ can be one of the most critical steps in the entire extrication operation
A
assessment (medical/trauma)
22
Q
The most common method of organizing a rescue scene is to establish three operating safety zones:
A
-restricted-limited access-support
23
Q
Zone where the rescue is taking place
A
Restricted zone (hot zone)
24
Q
Immediately outside the restricted zone. Limited to personnel who are not needed in the restricted zone but who are directly aiding rescuers and the restricted zone. Rescuers involved in activities such as scene lighting and standing by with hose lines or hydraulic tools that are ready for use
A
Limited access zone (warm zone)
25
Zone that may include the incident command post, the public information officers (PIO) location, and staging areas for personnel and portable equipment
Support Zone (cold zone)
26
Who monitors the scene security barriers established at the outside perimeter of the vehicle incident to ensure that unauthorized people do not cross the line
Safety Officer
27
When establishing a scene security barrier, personnel should leave a controlled opening near the ___. The ___ should monitor this entry point
ICPAccountability officer
28
Personnel directly responsible for stabilizing crashed vehicles, responsible for packaging victims for removal from wrecked vehicles, and transferring them to EMS personnel
Rescue Group
29
Responsible for directing traffic and providing crowd control
Law enforcement
30
EMS personnel who are responsible for evaluating, treating, and transporting victims
Medical Group
31
Personnel responsible for providing fire protection at an incident
Suppression Group
32
The technical ability of the ISO must meet the technical nature of the operation or a ___ must be assigned to assist or assume safety officer duties
Technical Safety Officer
33
Other duties of ISO (5) (some of the specific ones...not all)
-Ensure rehab established-Monitor scene and report status of conditions, hazards and risks to IC-Ensure personnel accountability system being used-Monitor radio communication-Evaluate hazards with helicopter landings
34
It is the ___ responsibility that the scene is secured and properly managed
IC's
35
Responders positioning traffic control devices must wear
reflective clothing or vests
36
How to position signs (traffic control)
Well in advance of the accident, on the right side of the roadway no closer than 24" from the road edge
37
Use a minimum of ___ cones or reflective devices
6
38
The minimum level of emergency medical care that should be provided during technical search and rescue operations is
BLS
39
A ___ ensures that all personnel are trained to recognize and control the hazards and/or risks associated with vehicle rescue operations in order to minimize danger posed to victims and rescuers
safety program
40
The ___ is responsible for creating the IAP
IC
41
IAP's usually contain the following elements: (7)
-Tactical worksheet-Incident briefing - serves as initial action worksheet-Incident objectives-Organization-includes units/agencies involved-Assignments-Support materials-Safety message
42
Incident priority that involves taking the necessary steps to prevent the situation from getting any worse
Incident stabilization
43
___ is responsible for coordinating the operation of the roadways
The Department of Transportation
44
According to NFPA 1670, extrication is defined as
the removal of trapped victims from a vehicle or machinery
45
Rescuers may turn down an assignment under the following conditions: (4)
-Violates safe work practices-Assignment is unsafe-Rescuer does not possess the necessary qualifications or experience to complete the assignment-Necessary equipment is defective or inoperable
46
Matching the ___ to the victim’s potential injuries minimizes trauma and maximizes their chance for survival
packaging and handling techniques
47
___ with victims is critical to their survival
Communication
48
Rescue vehicles need to be ___ to operate effectively, especially if these apparatus are used to supply power or operate hydraulic tools.
close to the scene (To some extent, those at the scene can be protected by positioning emergency response vehicles between the scene and any oncoming traffic to act as blocking or shadow vehicles)
49
The ___ should ensure that all personnel working in the action area are wearing proper and appropriate PPE
ISO
50
NFPA 1500 requires that ___ be worn in addition to the helmet face shield when performing extrication tasks
helmet goggles or safety glasses
51
NFPA 1500 requires rescue personnel to wear ___ inside their leather gloves or wear ___, if they are likely to contact bodily fluids
medical exam glovesemergency medical work gloves
52
APR's should be worn only in controlled atmosphere's where the hazards present are completely understood and at least ___ oxygen is present
19.5% (19.5%-23.5%)
53
Many vehicle hazards can be grouped into one of two categories: hazards from ___ and hazards from ___
energy sourcesbeneficial systems
54
Rescuers have to exercise further mitigation techniques on vehicles using ___. Once the vehicle is secured and ignition sources have been eliminated, rescuers should
alternative fuelslocate, access, and manually turn off the fuel at the tank shut off valve
55
The danger associated with hybrid vehicles is the ___. Systems may contain as much as ___ of DC current
high voltage stored within the propulsion batteries and running through wiring800 V
56
The most desirable method for disabling a hybrid electric vehicle is to ___. Then rescuer should disable the 12 V electrical system using ___
shutdown the vehicle with the switch and key system the same methods used to disable the battery in a conventional vehicle
57
Shutting down the high-voltage battery system consists of a more detailed operation. Some manufacturers recommend the use of ___ for shutting down the high-voltage system
10,000 V Lineman gloves
58
___ consists of two sheets of glass bonded to a sheet of plastic sandwiched between them
Laminated safety glass
59
___ is most commonly used in side windows and some rear windows
Tempered glass
60
Crushable bumpers are not a hazard until the fire is out. Beads of ___ form on the surface which is a corrosive substance
Hydrofluoric acid (flush these bumpers with copious amounts of water)
61
Any system or component of a vehicle that provides benefits to and/or enhances the safety and comfort of the vehicle occupants
Beneficial Vehicle Systems
62
The ABC's of dealing with SRS
-Always respect the deployment path-Be aware that there is no way to make an undeployed airbag, ROPS, or SRS safe-Caution must be paramount in cutting or manipulating
63
Pyrotechnic device usually located near the bottom of the B post at the base of the seatbelt
Seat belt pretensioners
64
If the pre-tensioner is heated during the vehicle fire, it can ___
explode
65
Most modern airbag systems detect the following:
-Occupants weight and position-If seatbelt is buckled-Vehicles speed and area of impact
66
Rescuers suggested minimum safety zone distances
-5" for side impact and knee-10" for driver frontal airbags-12"-18" for impact curtains-20" for passenger frontal airbag
67
___ can cause these systems to detonate without an electrical source
Static electricity
68
___ airbags deployed at a standard rate every time
Single stage
69
___ airbags utilize sensors that will detect the rate of speed, impact, and weight of the occupant. It will then use this information to determine if the airbag should deploy using its full capacity for diminished deployment
Dual stage
70
Dual depth systems work the same as dual stage systems, but have___
two airbags
71
Front impact airbags deploy in ___ at speeds in excess of ___ with an inflating force of over 3000 PSI
.05 seconds200 mph
72
The sound of airbag deployment is in the range of ___
165 to 175 dB
73
Electrically activated airbags continued to be armed until the reserve power is drained… amount of time varies from ___, average time is less than ___
one second to 30 minutesfive minutes
74
Aftermarket systems such as entertainment systems, computers, and video games can ___ electricity through the vehicles electrical system which will keep the airbags energized
backfeed
75
The powder that comes off when airbags deployed contains sodium azide which converts to sodium hydroxide upon deployment and can cause minor irritation of the
throat and eyes and may cause asthma attacks
76
Sodium azide canisters that have been opened without the airbag deploying can be
extremely toxic
77
Each airbag operates ___, so accidentally activating one of them does not activate both
independently
78
The primary hazard of most vehicle incidents is the potential for
fire
79
It is recommended that at least one, ___ hose line be charged and ready for use by at least two firefighters equipped with ___.
1 1/2"full PPE, including SCBA
80
Best and most appropriate form of fire protection of vehicle incidents
Preconnected hose line, preferably foam capable
81
If natural gas or propane cylinders are on fire you should
not extinguish them until the containers are cooled and valves and fuel source can be turned off
82
Two foam types that may be used to extinguish vehicle fires
-AR-AFFF-AFFF
83
Emergency responders should look for ___ that would indicate that an alternative fueled vehicle is involved
identification methods (logos/badges)
84
Fuel that doesn't react to standard firefighting extinguishment methods
Alcohol Fuels
85
Ethanol and methanol fires burn ___ and produce ___ smoke
bright bluelittle
86
In the presence of a natural gas fire, it is recommended to ___ as long as no lives or exposures are threatened
allow the fire to burn off all the fuel
87
Control a LNG (liquified natural gas) fire by using ___ or ___ on the surface of the fire
Purple K dry chem or high-expansion foam
88
Third most common vehicle fuel type after gas and diesel
Propane
89
Colorless, odorless, non-toxic fuel that should not be extinguished in vehicle fire
Hydrogen (allow fuel to burn off)
90
Yellow liquid with an odor of cooking oil that is non-toxic, biodegradable and sulfur free
Biodiesel
91
Use copious amounts of water and/or foam on electrical vehicle fire unless
vehicle is plugged in and charging
92
Recommended extinguishing agents for following battery pack/system fires-Lead-acid-Nickel metal hydride-Lithium-ion
-Lead acid-CO2, foam or dry chem-Nickel metal hydride-Class D-Lithium-ion-dry sand, powders
93
When responding to a collision involving trucks, one of the most critical size-up factors is
locating the driver/operator of the truck
94
Bill of lading is usually found in
a pocket on the drivers door
95
Standard face shield sizes are
4" and 6" (6 inch shield is more desirable)
96
Do not cut ___ cables in an airbag system, as it may deploy the airbags
yellow colored or yellow tagged
97
The ___ should train its members to implement appropriate components of local, state/provincial, or federal/national response plans
organization
98
Designed to be applicable to small, single-team incidents that may only last a few minutes as well as complex, large-scale incidents involving several agencies
NIMS-ICS
99
Most commonly used functional groups for vehicle incident (7)
-scene control-vehicle stabilization-victim access and disentanglement-medical trmt-extrication-triage/trmt-transportation
100
On larger, more complex incidents, ___ should coordinate the operations of the various functional groups
Operations Section Chief
101
Two generally accepted ways of promoting easy identification of command and group supervisors
-colored vests-marking a specific location/vehicle as the ICP
102
Who initiates the ICS
first rescuer or apparatus arriving on scene
103
Creating a verbal or written IAP is necessary at
all incidents
104
Effective and standardized approach for developing the IAP and for all command and general staff personnel to understand their responsibilities in this process
NIMS Planning "P"
105
The ___ develops and implements the initial written IAP with assistance from the ___ when needed
ICOperations Section Chief
106
The ___, or if assigned, the ___ maintains the situation status information and the resource status
ICPlanning section
107
To restore normal traffic flow through the area, personnel should
remove all traffic control components in reverse order
108
Incident that causes a person to have abnormal physiological and psychological reactions...can occur with a single incident or from cumulative events over time
Critical incident (CIS)
109
Agencies should offer, at least ___, joint-training exercises to achieve interagency cooperation and effectiveness
ANNUALLY
110
___ should be able to complete the necessary NIMS-ICS forms for an IAP
Operations and Technician level rescuers
111
The IAP is based on information gathered during
the incident size-up
112
It is ___ responsibility to make changes to rescue tactics if status updates show little or no progress in affecting a rescue or extrication
the IC’s
113
Vehicles designed to only handle basic extrication and life-support functions, carries only basic hand tools and small equipment
Light rescue vehicle (stabilize the situation until more appropriate equipment arrives)
114
Light rescue vehicles can be built on ___ chassis
1 or 1 1/2 ton
115
Vehicles capable of handing the majority of vehicle rescue incidents. Often dual purpose with ff equipment too
Medium rescue vehicle (specialized units may often be medium rescue: Hazmat, Water, Technical rescue...)
116
Additional equipment carried by Medium rescue vehicles (5)
-Hydraulic spreaders/cutters-air bags-power saws-acetylene cutting equipment-ropes and rigging
117
Units that must be capable of providing the support necessary to extricate victims from almost any entrapment
Heavy rescue vehicles (sometimes oriented more toward firefighting than smaller units because they have more space)
118
Additional equipment carried by Heavy rescue vehicles
-A-frames/gin poles-Cascade system-Larger capacity generators-trenching/shoring equipment-small pumps and foam equipment-Large winches-Hydraulic booms-Large quantities of rope/rigging-Air compressors-ladders
119
Light, medium, or heavy rescue that is specifically designed to serve as both a structural firefighting pumper and a rescue vehicle
rescue engine
120
Built by commercial truck manufacturers. Most commonly used chassis for rescue vehicles. All light and medium chassis and a large percentage of heavy.
Commercial chassis
121
Chassis built by manufacturer who specializes in fire apparatus chassis, designed to withstand the heavy use of the emergency service
Custom chassis
122
Compartmentation most commonly found in smaller rescue units. Advantageous because personnel do not have to enter vehicle to access equipment
Exclusive exterior compartmentation
123
Compartmentation where entire inventory accessible from the inside of the vehicle out of the weather...can sometimes transport personnel. Having to enter the vehicle for tools may slow procedures
Exclusive Interior compartmentation
124
Third type of compartmentation offering the benefits of both styles
Combination compartmentation
125
Convert vehicle's DC into AC, fuel efficient, produce little or no noise but limited power generating capacities and limited range
Inverters (alternators)
126
Most common power source used on emergency vehicles. They can be either portable or permanently mounted
Generators
127
___ generators usually have larger capacity than portable, but tend to be noisy during operation, making it difficult to communicate near them. Exhaust fumes may contaminate the scene unless they are positioned downwind
Vehicle-mounted
128
For safety reasons, the ___ should not be removed from the drum (winch)
last layer of cable
129
When operating the winch, position it
as close to the load as possible
130
Winch danger zone is
a circle around the winch with a radius equal to the length of cable
131
Vertical lifting device that consists of a single pole that is supported by guy wires to both sides of the vehicle
Gin pole
132
Vertical lifting device that consists of two poles attached some distance apart on the apparatus roughly forming the letter A
A-frame (use stabilizers when using if provided)
133
Gin poles and A-frames are not designed to withstand
lateral (sideways) stress
134
Assist in vehicle stabilization, removal of heavy vehicle components, and raising/lowering personnel and equipment. Lifting capabilities of up to 18 tons or more.
Hydraulic cranes
135
Hydraulic cranes attached to heavy rescue units have 3 disadvantages
-Initial cost-Additional maintenance-loss of space for tools
136
Most common size for wooden cribbing
4x4, 18-24" long
137
Way that some agencies identify different lengths of cribbing
Paint the ends (don't paint anywhere else though...slippery)
138
Advantages of plastic cribbing (2)Disadvantage of plastic cribbing (3)
-Twice as strong as wood-impervious to fluids-no warning prior to failures-slippery when wet-more expensive/harder to replace
139
Most common application of cribbing in vehicle extrication is called
box crib
140
Minimum of ___ overlap on all four corners (box crib)
4"
141
Max height of a box crib
three times the shortest width (or 4' in 4x4 systems, 6' in 6x6 systems)
142
Difference between shims and wedges (cribbing)
Shims used singularly to take up space between cribbing and objectWedges usually inserted in pairs on opposite sides to tighten cribbing
143
How to provide better footing when using plastic step chocks
intentionally scratching/roughening new surfaces
144
Do not install step chocks where they ___
interfere with the swing of the vehicles door
145
Rope that is not ideal for vehicle stabilization because it stretches under load
nylon rope
146
Use only ___ chains in vehicle extrication. The best chain for rescue work is ___. The minimum size generally used for extrication operations is ___
steel alloyGrade 80 (Grade 8, Grade T)3/8"
147
Tubular webbing is woven in two ways. Generally, the ___ is stronger and more resistant to abrasion than the ___.
spiral weavechain weave
148
Two types of webbing are tubular and flat. Most webbing used for lifting and pulling operations starts at about
2" (strength requirements for webbing are the same as for chain)
149
Webbing is susceptible to (3)
-uv light-abrasions-chemical degradation
150
A ___ may be the weak link in a tensioned buttress system
ratchet strap
151
The most common and basic hand tools are
striking tools
152
When used correctly, ___ are safer than striking tools because of the absence of ballistic movement
prying tools (don't use prying tools as striking tools unless designed for that purpose)
153
Use ___ when the material must be cut in a controlled fashion or where space does not allow the use of larger tools
snipping tools
154
Increase the cutting efficiency of any saw by periodically spraying the surface of the material being cut with (3)
bee's wax, water based cutting fluid, soapy water
155
In some cases, especially when working close to a trapped victim, it is better to ___ rather than use a power tool to cut it
disassemble a part of the vehicle
156
Easiest jacks to operate since they can be elevated or depressed simply by turning a threaded shaft
Screw jacks
157
Two most common types of screw jacks used in extrication
bar screw jack and folding screw jack
158
Excellent tool for stabilizing loads but impractical for lifting
Bar screw jack
159
Jack considered safe only for light loads. Top and bottom plate separated by levers that move when threaded shaft is turned. Fit into relatively small spaces
Folding screw jack
160
Good medium duty jack, but the least stable under load. Can be used for limited spreading and pulling in absence of hydraulic ram
Ratchet jack
161
Short-handled shovels with a blade that can be swiveled 90 degrees to form a hoe
Trenching tools
162
Used when the scene is beyond the effective reach of stationary lights or when additional lighting is needed
Portable lights
163
All power cords must be equipped with
ground fault circuit interrupters
164
Most common size electrical/extension cable
12 gauge, 3 wire type
165
Signaling devices that are most commonly used at the scene of an incident are usually
audio or visual in nature
166
Voltage detection devices will not detect electricity in ___ nor will they detect ___
enclosed conduitDC electricity
167
Saw that is easy to control and well suited for cutting metal or wood (easier to control and safer than circular saw)
Reciprocating saw
168
A reciprocating saw may be required when ___ or ___
cutting overhead or in areas with limited space
169
When equipped with metal cutting blades, ___ are extremely effective at bus and passenger vehicle extrications
reciprocating saws
170
Gasoline powered reciprocating saws have the following disadvantages (3)
-Heavier-May not be used in confined or oxygen deficient spaces-Produce CO
171
Because abrasive blades can degrade when exposed to hydrocarbon vapors, do not store them in the same compartment with
fuel containers
172
When cutting metal, keep at least one ___ standing by
charged hoseline (apply fine mist to cool blade while cutting)
173
Tool of choice for many rescuers due to their superior cutting ability and lightweight design. Used extensively during impalement and industrial entrapment responses
Portable band saws
174
Advantages of portable band saw over reciprocating saws, grinders and hydraulic cutters (4)
-minimal vibration-minimal heat-rarely spark-will not cause object to fracture
175
The versatility of uses, speed, and superior power of these tools has made them the primary tools for most extrication situations
power-driven hydraulic tools
176
First powered hydraulic tool available for extrication
spreaders
177
Some models of cutters cannot cut ___ or ___
case hardened or high-strength low-alloy steel
178
Cutters are limited because
materials that they cannot cut are often located at potential impact points and corners of compartments...prime cutting locations
179
Originally designed to cut reinforced steel bars in construction...can cut virtually anything that will fit between the blade and the anvil
pedal cutters
180
Designed primarily for pushing operations, but can pull. Especially valuable when it is necessary to push objects further than the max opening of spreaders
Rams
181
Closing force is usually about ___ (rams)
half the opening force
182
Unlike conventional hydraulic rams, telescoping rams cannot be used for
pulling
183
In two and three stage rams, after the first stage, the pushing force decreases by ___ for each additional stage
half
184
Prevent any ___ from contacting the piston section of the ram
metal
185
Two manual hydraulic tools used most frequently in vehicle extrication
hydraulic jack and Porta-Power system
186
Excellent devices for many heavy lifting situations when used in conjunction with appropriate stabilization
Hydraulic jack
187
Auto body shop tool that operates by transmitting hydraulic pressure from a hand-operated pump through a hose to a tool assembly...time consuming
Porta-Power tool system
188
Tools that use the energy of compressed air for power
Pneumatic tools
189
___ can be especially effective for cutting through the roof, roof support posts or doorjambs, seat bolts, and door lock assemblies. Good for cutting medium to heavy-gauge sheet metal and popping rivets and bolts
Air chisel
190
Extremely useful for disassembling vehicle components. Chief disadvantage is noisy
Air ratchets or Impact wrenches
191
Air driven cutting device with several advantages over other types of power saws. Cuts case hardened locks and steel up to 3/4" thick. Much quieter than other power saws
Pneumatic whizzer saw
192
Never work under a load supported only by ___
lifting bags/cushions
193
Avoid exposing pneumatic bags/cushions to materials hotter than ___
220 degrees
194
A lifting bag's weight limit ___ as the height of lift increases. Max lift capacity is generally rated at ___
decreases1"
195
Formula to determine lift capacity of a high-pressure lifting bag
Length x Width x Operating pressure = Lifting Capacity
196
Primary advantage of low/medium pressure bags over high pressure lifting bags
much greater lifting height range
197
Portable manual hoist with traversing wire rope used for lifting, pulling, and securing objects
Griphoist
198
One of the most commonly used mechanical advantage systems used in low-angle (15-40 degree) vehicle rescue
three to one system to deploy equipment/resources down and bring victim/rescuers back up
199
Open acetylene cylinder valves no more than
3/4 of a turn
200
Do not use acetylene at pressures greater than
15 psi
201
Ultra high temperature burning tools capable of cutting through virtually any metallic, nonmetallic, or composite material
Exothermic cutting device/burning bars
202
Advantage of exothermic cutting flares over other exothermic cutters
absence of a power hose or cord...lightweight/portable
203
Cutters that work by sending an electric arc through a gas. Most common gas used is ___. Work so fast that heat travel through the material is minimal compared to others. Do not work well in wet/poor conductive conditions
Plasma cuttersair
204
Acetylene is an unstable gas that is both ___ and ___ sensitive. Cylinders should always be kept ___
pressure and shockupright
205
Relatively new cutting system, with the help of special equipment it may be used under water
Oxygasoline cutting torch
206
Unlike systems that use gaseous fuels, in oxygasoline systems the flame cannot ___
travel back through the supply hose
207
Key part of any routine operational check and maintenance on equipment and vehicle is to ensure that
the proper fuels and lubricants are used during re-servicing
208
The standard equipment carried by many ladder and engine companies gives them ___ capabilities
light rescue
209
Diesel or gasoline engine that powers the apparatus drive train and associated fire equip...generally have 110- and 220-volt capacities with capacities up to 50 kilowatts and occasionally greater.
Apparatus Engine (power plants)
210
The winch is rated at its capacity when
the first layer of cable is still on the drum, where the winch and cable strength are strongest
211
There are 2 types of stabilizer systems:
-hydraulic, which are set using lever controls-manual, which resemble a screw-type jack and are set by hand
212
Wooden step chocks have a 2x6-inch base approximately ___ in length. Each step is approximately ___ shorter than the one beneath
30", 6" (better to glue lam than screw/nail together)
213
While using hooks, orient the opening, or eye, ___. If the hook fails and elongates, the hook will fail away from the rescuer
towards the rescuer
214
Use striking tools with
short quick strokes
215
Most diversified of the tool groups
cutting tools
216
Maximum on-scene time goal that EMS units strive for
Platinum ten minutes
217
Passengers that travel up and over the dashboard will sustain injuries to
chest and abdomen, breaks/lacs to upper extremities
218
Passengers that travel down and under the dashboard common injuries
hip, knee, femur, pelvis
219
Process of identifying and prioritizing the most critically injured victims that have the highest chance of survival
Triage
220
Process that allows responders to quickly identify life threatening conditions and to prioritize the allocation of medical resources and personnel
simple triage and rapid trmt (START) (recommended for initial and secondary triage)
221
___ takes precedence over any emergency trmt at the incident scene
Initial triage
222
Initial triage team members should limit any emergency care to (3)
-opening airway-controlling sever bleeding-elevating lower extremities
223
The first unit at an MCI should begin triage ___
immediately
224
Rescuers should work to control the walking wounded because otherwise they can
overwhelm medical facility
225
Common way for rescuers to prevent further injury to victims is to
protect them from a glass hazards
226
To warm or cool pt, rescuers can administer (3)
-warm/chilled fluids-warm/chilled oxygen and blankets-warm/cool air (AC/heater)
227
With an entrapped victim exposed to hazmat, instead of removing the victim from the hazardous material, you remove
the hazardous material from the victim (cleanse skin, flush with water-gross decon)
228
Occurs as a result of external pressure on the body that restricts blood flow to injured area for an extended period of time...injured tissue dies and releases toxins
crush syndrome
229
Vehicle occupants protected by safety belts and supplemental restraints may not have visible injuries but still may need medical intervention for
internal injuries
230
Only use KED on ___ patients
stable/non-critical
231
The guiding principle for immobilizing and packaging a patient
treat the spinal column as one bone to immobilize from base of skull to tailbone
232
Immobilizing the patients ___ is primary concern for rescuers
c-spine
233
Safest method for immobilization of children and infants
securing car seat in the ambulance (integrity of seat is intact)
234
When removing a packaged patient from the vehicle, ideally, rescuers accomplish this by
removing in a straight line with the direction of the patients orientation
235
Person involved with a vehicle incident and may have suffered injury or death
Victim
236
Persons who are receiving medical care
Patient
237
Weight of the vehicle including the max cargo capacity
Gross vehicle weight ratio (GVWR)
238
Heavy construction can make extrication operations more difficult and time consuming
Large cars
239
Limos are heavy vehicles built on rigid frames but are still vulnerable in ___ collisions
side impact
240
Unlike roadsters, convertibles are equipped with ___
roll up side windows
241
From a safety standpoint, minivans large profile makes them vulnerable to ___ and ___
crosswinds and rollovers
242
Pick up trucks are all constructed on ___ frames with a carrying capacity of ___
full rigid1/2 to 1 ton
243
Body material that surrounds the front tires
Fenders
244
Body material that surrounds the area of the rear tire
Quarter Panels
245
Vertical panel wall in front of the A-post that is enclosed by several structural members
Kick panels
246
Rounded narrow body panels on each side of a vehicle below the doors and between the kick panel and the quarter panel
Rocker panel
247
Three basic frames used in modern vehicles:
-full/rigid-unibody-space
248
A vehicle's structural integrity is determined by the remaining strength of the vehicle's ___ after a collision
chassis
249
___ frame vehicles may be less affected by a collision than vehicles with ___ or ___ frame. Also, vehicles with this frame are less affected by vehicle extrication
Full/rigid frameUnibody or space
250
Advantage of body-on-frame (full/rigid frames) construction is that it allows
frequent changes to body styles without having to change chassis
251
To form a ___, a steel ladder frame is constructed using two parallel beams that run along the long axis of the vehicle
chassis
252
Frame where a vehicle's stress bearing elements and sheet metal body parts are built together as one unit. Dominant automobile construction technique today.
Unibody
253
Aluminum skeletons similar to aircraft frames. Internal structure provides the support, skin provides aerodynamics, styling and protection from elements. Lighter vehicles, more fuel efficient, less expensive to build
Space frame
254
___ serve to keep the occupants inside the vehicle and can effect the vehicles structural integrity
Windows
255
Two sheets of glass bonded to a sheet of plastic sandwiched between them, most commonly used for windshields and some rear windows
Laminated safety glass (impact may produce long pointed shards with sharp edges)
256
Glass most commonly used in side windows and some rear windows
Tempered glass
257
Similar to laminate, but is typically thinner, lighter, and stronger. Usually in side and rear window...better soundproofing (high end cars)
Enhanced protective glass (EPG)
258
Glazing over glass on side and rear windows that provides greater scratch resistance, reduced weight and wider variety of window shapes. Disadvantages are (2)
Polycarbonate window glazing-cost-difficulty penetrating
259
Ultra high strength steels such as boron steel and martensite are common in passenger vehicles manufactured since ___
2012
260
Hybrid electric vehicles use ___ to collect kinetic energy and convert that energy into electricity stored in the batteries until needed
regenerative braking
261
Danger associated with hybrid vehicles
high voltage (as much as 650 V of direct current)
262
Most hybrid manufacturers color code the cables
orange, yellow, or blue (no standard to mandate this)
263
Unlike HEVs, which still depend on petroleum, it is possible for PHEVs to run on ___, up to ___, when fully charged
electricity only40 miles
264
Battery electric vehicles generally travel ___ miles per charge
60-80 miles
265
Emergency response guides for first responders can be found on ___ (electric vehicles)
manufacturers website
266
A ___ uses an internal combustion engine to power an electric generator that charges the battery system. Only the electric motor powers the wheels
Extended range electric vehicle (EREV)
267
When used as a vehicle fuel in other countries, propane is called
autogas
268
Electrochemical energy conversion devices that produce electricity while converting hydrogen and oxygen into water
Fuel cells
269
Primarily used as an aircraft fuel, military forces have begun using it as a fuel for land-based vehicles
JP-8
270
Advantages of plastic fuel tank (3)Disadvantages of plastic fuel tank (2)
-don't corrode-weight-cost-punctured easily-rapidly fail in fire
271
___ can produce sparks or shock a person during window removal
Defoggers
272
Passenger vehicles and light trucks are usually ___ V systems while larger trucks, RVs, and military vehicles operate on ___V systems
12 V24 V
273
Headlights that use an inert and highly pressurized xenon gas to produce a slightly bluish looking light. Up to three times brighter than the more common halogens
HID headlights
274
HID headlights operate on ___; however, the amperage is ___
high voltagelow
275
Automobile batteries used in ignition systems are generally of the ___ type
lead-acid
276
Types of vehicles that most always have more than one battery
-Diesel trucks-Diesel passenger cars-Hybrids(exception Mercedes C and E class)
277
Exhaust piping is generally constructed of ___ or ___
stainless steel or zinc plated steel
278
Converts vehicle emissions into less harmful materials
Catalytic converter
279
The typical forward-looking collision-avoidance system scans a distance of ___ or more forwardSide sensing distanceRear looking distance
330 ft or more-6.5-30 ft-20' or less
280
Maintains a safe distance between the vehicles by controlling the speed of the host vehicle through either throttle control or braking
Adaptive cruise control
281
Since ___, all passenger vehicles manufactured in the US have had to be equipped with seat belts
1968
282
These instantly tighten the seat belt when the front-impact airbags activate
seat belt pretensioners (some vehicles have load limiters that release tension to allow victim to hit airbag in more controlled fashion)
283
Unlike other airbags, inflatable tubes ___ after deployment
remain inflated
284
Longer bars running horizontally or diagonally within a door. Also used in some dashboards. May embed themselves in the A,B,C posts when vehicle is compressed creating a dead bolt
Collision beams
285
Bars that extend to protect convertibles/open body vehicles in a rollover
roll bars (ROPS-rollover protection system)
286
Passenger vehicles are currently required to have roof supports/roll cages that will withstand a force equal to ___ the weight of the vehicle
2.5 times
287
Vehicles are classified by
Wheelbase (distance between front and rear axles) and GVWR (weight of the vehicle, including max cargo capacity)
288
Biodiesel is classified as a ___ with a flash point of ___
a nonflammable liquid with a flash point of 320 F
289
Some side-impact protection systems can be electronically or mechanically operated and may or may not require
power from the vehicle’s electrical system to activate
290
___ are intended as “antisubmarine’ devices, they help prevent the driver from sliding forward and becoming wedged under the dashboard
Knee Bolsters
291
As crushable bumpers cool after being exposed to the heat of a fire, beads of a clear liquid form on the surface of the bumper. This liquid may appear to be water, but it is actually
concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF), which is a highly corrosive substance. Rinse it with copious amounts of water
292
If both struts attached to a bumper explode simultaneously, they can launch the bumper and/or the struts
100 feet or more from the vehicle
293
When the front or rear bumper of an automobile is exposed to heavy flame impingement, all personnel should stay out of the danger zone-
directly in front of the bumper and to each side a distance equal to the length of the bumper
294
Process of providing additional support at key points between the vehicle and the ground
Vehicle stabilization
295
Phase of stabilization that happens quickly and includes use of wedges, wheel chocks, and step chocks
Initial phase
296
Phase of stabilization that includes using struts, chains, straps, and cribbing
Secondary phase
297
Phase of stabilization that includes the reassessment of current stabilization
Ongoing phase
298
Rescuers should not test vehicle stabilization prior to
stabilization operations
299
When most passenger vehicles are empty, the center of gravity is
slightly forward of the front door in the center of vehicle
300
Direction when the vehicle can move up or down on the lateral axis causing the front or rear to rise/fall
Pitch
301
Direction when the vehicle twists/turns on vertical axis causing the front and rear to move in a left or right direction
Yaw
302
In most cases, responders should attempt to to obtain ___ point stabilization
4-6 point (some situations may require more)
303
Most wheel resting vehicles can be stabilized using
cribbing or step chocks at the strongest/most structurally sound points
304
Rescuers should strive to use ___ of the vehicle as stabilization points, such as the vehicles ___
fixed componentsframe
305
Avoid any component of the ____ for stabilization due to extreme heat
Exhaust system
306
Prior to lifting an object off the vehicle, rescuers should first
capture the suspension
307
The first step in the stabilization process may require application of
wheel chocks
308
Stacked bags can only lift the capacity of the
lowest rated device
309
Lever class that is the most efficient to use for moving objects vertically. Force applied at one end with the load at the opposite end and the fulcrum between the two
Class 1 (most fire service forcible entry tools, crow bar, wrecking bar, pry axe, hammer)
310
When using a Class 1 lever, both the fulcrum and the foundation must be capable of holding ___ of the the load to be lifted
twice the weight
311
Lever class that moves objects horizontally. Fulcrum at one end, load in the middle, force on the other end
Class 2 (wheelbarrow, dollies, pulleys)
312
Lever class that sacrifices force for distance. Load on one end, fulcrum on the opposite end, force in the middle. Least efficient for lifting
Class 3 (shovel, broom)
313
A ___ consists of a sling attached to a load
hitch
314
A ___ hitch uses a single leg of rope, chain, or webbing to support a load
vertical hitch
315
A ___ hitch sling configuration passes the sling under the load
basket hitch (or double basket - provides more stability than single)
316
Hitch that works well for cylindrical loads
double basket hitch
317
A ___ hitch sling configuration attaches two or three legs to the load. Provides stable lifting, stabilization, moving, and pulling due to the distribution of the load onto multiple slings
bridle
318
A ___ hitch sling configuration passes one end of the sling under the load and through the other end of the sling. Prevents the problem of load stability
choker (double choker)
319
Only attach chain hooks to
the chain
320
Strongest type of material used for slings
Wire rope
321
Wire rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes
Braided wire rope
322
Wire rope composed of 6 wire ropes wrapped around a fiber or wire rope core
Cable laid rope
323
Wire rope made with strands (6 or 8) wrapped around a fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core
Strand laid rope
324
Most reliable and efficient wire rope termination. Must be done in a shop. Does not reduce capacity.
Flemish eye
325
2nd most reliable wire rope termination. Only reduces capacity 10-20 percent.
Wedge socket
326
Least reliable wire rope termination. Should not be used for rescue work
Fold-back eye
327
Use a ___ when attaching the wire rope to a hang point that would cause the cable to bend sharply
thimble
328
Inspect synthetic slings on both sides and in good light every ___ days and ___
30 daysafter each incident
329
Polyester fibers twisted into yarn bundles, made from a continuous loop of yarn and covered with a jacket.Its strength is determined by
Round sling (endless sling)number of strands in the sling
330
Sling that consists of a single piece of webbing sewn with an eye at either end in the same plane as the sling body
standard eye sling
331
Sling that consists of a single piece of webbing with the eye at either end, sewn at 90 degrees to the plane
twisted eye sling (twisting allows for better rigging of choker slings)
332
A length of rope/chain/webbing attached to a load for the purpose of stabilizing, lifting, pulling, or moving objects
Rigging
333
Rescuers may use ___ to stabilize vehicles found on their side, upside down, or on a slope
struts
334
Struts consist of three major components
-base-strut-tip
335
Incidents involving side or roof resting vehicles are prone to
leaking fluids
336
For wheel resting vehicles, at least ___ step chocks are needed to provide adequate stabilization
4 (4-6 points of contact for wheel resting vehicles)
337
Six point support is most often needed to support a vehicle that is
in danger of collapsing in the middle (doors or roof removed)
338
Three common methods to stabilize a side-resting vehicle with struts
-same side, opposing force system-opposite side, opposing force system (tensioned buttress)-opposite side, independent system
339
Safest form of stabilization in a side resting situation because the rescuers are performing the majority of the work on the undercarriage side of the vehicle. Clear work space on the passenger compartment
same side opposing force system
340
Stabilization method that uses two struts placed on opposite sides of the vehicle and tensioned to each other. Most commonly at the firewall or trunk
Tensioned buttress system (opposite, opposing force system)
341
Stabilization method that uses struts mirrored to each other on opposite sides of the vehicle, but the bases are connected to a low point on the vehicle
opposite side, independent system
342
In an opposite side, independent system, rescuers should tension the strut on ___ first
the passenger compartment side
343
Process of connecting multiple dynamic objects together into one fixed object, such as two vehicles
Marrying
344
Exact location in which the metal or other object prevents or limits the victims from movement
Point of entrapment (disentanglement point)
345
Some of the worst injuries to vehicle occupants occur in ___ collisions
front-impact
346
Rear-impact collisions can throw unrestrained and improperly restrained occupants ___
upward
347
Generally, occupants in rotational collisions experience the kinds of injuries associated with ___
front, rear, and side impacts
348
Question you should first ask when sizing up an MVI
Is there anything in the situation that would put rescue personnel or others at greater risk than any other vehicle incident?
349
MVI present a greater than normal threat of
fire
350
Easiest way for rescuers to access passenger vehicles is to use
existing entry points
351
Rescuers may use various tools such as a ___ or ___ to hold the door handle in the open position
wedge or raquetball
352
Flapping back the side panel between the B-post and the rear fender well is called a
third door conversion
353
___ vehicles use the floor panels and the undercarriage as structural elements making them more difficult to remove to gain access
unibody
354
Rescuers will typically extricate victims using 4 basic methods
-manipulative extrication-disassembly -cutting-forcing
355
In most modern vehicles, the windshield, A-posts and forward edge of the roof should remain in place unless they hinder rescue and extrication efforts because
they compose part of the structural integrity of the vehicle body
356
To remove the windshield with roof, make cuts
along bottom of windshield from A-post to A-post
357
To prevent rescuers hand from going into the glass when using a center punch, you should
brace with your other hand
358
Rescuers can unintentionally deploy airbags, pretensioners, etc when
forcibly opening/removing doors
359
Fastest method to force/remove doors
spreaders/cutters
360
To prevent injury to victims and rescuers when opening/removing a door, rescue personnel should always
maintain control of the door
361
If vehicle door contains an airbag and rescuers must cut the wires, you should
separate and cut one at a time if possible (yellow wire may deploy airbag)
362
The majority of the time, rescuers can use ___ to gain a purchase point
hydraulic spreaders
363
Technique used to gain an opening between the fender and the door
Fender crush technique
364
Many leading rescue technicians recommend the ___ to create purchases or even pop doors
vertical spread technique (forces door away from the victim)
365
When opening a jammed door, insert the spreaders ___
Above the lock (allows the door latch to roll off the mechanism)
366
On vehicles with pressed metal hinges, it may be faster to
cut as opposed to spreading
367
Factory third and fourth doors latch at ___ and have ___ windows
the top and bottomtempered glass
368
Method that has the advantage of providing a wide access way to the victim for extrication and removal
Total sidewall removal (B-post blow out and side out)
369
Technique that creates an alternate opening on a panel van or work van that only has one operating door
Fourth door conversion (cuts between the B and C posts)
370
If the vehicle is side resting, a ___ will probably provide the best option for creating a clear opening through which to extricate victims
roof flap or removal
371
When doing a roof removal on a unibody vehicle, place step chocks or support under ___ before removing roof
B-posts
372
Technique that may be needed after a rear or side underride or obstructions to the sides of vehicle
Trunk tunneling
373
If the B-post contains advanced steel and not the roof rail, you can use a ___. If the roof rail is also advanced steel, cut along roof rail and check the bottom of the B-post looking for ___. Two other options are ___
-pie cut-mild steel-ramming roof off-sunroof
374
Process that can relieve respiratory compromise safely and in much less time than other methods
displace steering column
375
Method to disentangle victim's feet that is particularly effective in incidents involving front and side impacts
dropping the floor pan
376
Techniques to alleviate intrusion and displace the impacted side outward (2)
-cross ramming-interior spreading
377
In general, rescuers should try to displace or roll dashboard to disentangle a victim instead of ___
moving the seat
378
When cutting pedals, to keep pedal from twisting and pinching victims leg, you should
wrap a web strap around the pedal and keep tension on the strap to pull away from the victims extremities
379
Removing the vehicle from the victim
Disentanglement
380
Side- and roof-resting vehicles have a greater possibility of ___ than wheel-resting vehicles
catching fire
381
First step of multiple vehicle incidents is
vehicular triage- sorting of the vehicles into categories of damage
382
Perhaps the most common of all the truck types. Not intended to pull a trailer
Straight trucks (dump truck)
383
Truck and semitrailer combos may be carrying almost any commodity, including up to ___ of hazardous materials
440 lbs
384
Passenger compartment is located behind the engine compartmentPassenger compartment is located over the engine compartment
Conventional cabCab-over
385
Occupant of a sleeper is not required to be ___
restrained
386
Team drivers will often have a sign indicating the driving team on ___
the driver's side door area
387
Because of the height of the doors above the ground, the door latch handle is usually located
in the lower rear corner of the door
388
The windshields and rear windows of medium and heavy trucks are made of ___. The side windows are ___
laminated safety glasstempered glass (heavier than automobiles and light trucks)
389
Wind deflector mounted on the roof, often with an air horn and AC unit behind it
fairing
390
Trailers vs Semitrailers
Trailers are freestanding with wheels in front and rearSemitrailers only have wheels near the rear end
391
Semitrailer hand crank has two speeds:
-push in and crank for slow-pull out and crank for fast
392
If undamaged, ___ can be used for additional temporary stabilization, as well as for lifting/lowering in conjunction with proper stabilization (trailers)
the landing gear
393
Area most easily penetrated on a box trailer
roof
394
With the exception of ___, most box trailers have a relatively lightweight metal frame
refrigerated trailers
395
Options for what to do with animals on livestock trailer (3)
-calm by blindfolding or restricting hearing-free the animal-call the vet (tranquilize)
396
Trailers with low center deck area designed to carry large, heavy loads up to several hundred tons
Lowboy trailers (heavy-duty trailers)
397
Enclosed trailers used to transport dry bulk materials. Easily recognized due to their ___
HoppersV-shaped bottom unloading compartments
398
The ___ is one of the weaker components of the cab
roof
399
___ in any hydraulic lines prior to any rescue attempt
Mitigate the hydraulic pressure
400
Rescuers should never loosen the clamp on
an air brake chamber (can release a spring and cause injury...the spring is a backup parking brake if the truck loses air pressure)
401
Auxiliary lift axles located only behind the drive axles. Commonly found on cement mixers and dump trucks
stingers
402
The danger to rescuers from stinger type lift axles in a rear end collision is
falling on rescuers or victims (should be secured forward of the affected area with chains and chain binders)
403
More than half of occupant fatalities in large trucks involve a
rollover
404
Passenger motor vehicle designed to carry more than ten passengers, and is used to transport students to school/school related events
school bus (4 types, ABCD)
405
Smallest type of school bus. Standard suv or van conversion built on a heavy duty, van-type front section chassis. Entry/exit door located behind the front wheels and has a drivers side door.
Type A
406
Bus that is either a conversion or their body is constructed on a front section vehicle chassis. Entry/exit door is located in front of the front wheels.
Type B
407
Bus that most Americans associate with "school bus"
Type C
408
Buses that are full size vehicles with a boxy appearance. Largest capacity, may have roof hatches
Type D
409
Regardless of the type of school bus door, the most common way to open it or secure it in the closed position is
with the manual control arm mechanism
410
School buses with air operated mechanisms to control the front door. The main switch is usually located ___. The backup emergency release mechanism is ___
to the left of the driverin the exit stairwell inside vehicle
411
Rear-engine type D buses do not have a rear exit door, but are required to have
rear emergency window exit
412
On commercial buses, the interior emergency release for the door is locatedExterior releases are usually located (3)
near the top of the door-right front wheel well-under or to the left of the door-below center of windshield
413
Rescuers can identify emergency exit windows on a school bus by
the hinges located along the top side of the window frames (transit and commercial buses also have hinged windows)
414
Transit buses most commonly have windows made of
laminated safety glass
415
Since 1977, school bus seat backs have been required to be ___ high
24"
416
All type A buses under 10,000 lbs GVWR must have ___
lap belts
417
Because of narrow aisles and high seat backs can make it difficult to remove victims, rescuers may have to ___ to make passage possible
remove seats
418
On buses that do not have a rigid frame, rescuers should look for ___ to use for bus stabilization
specially designed jack plates
419
School bus construction method where the body and chassis are formed as a unit
Integral construction
420
School bus construction where the body and chassis are manufactured as separate units and joined by the bus manufacturer
Body-on-chassis
421
Intended to minimize penetration during collision and also used to identify occupant location from the exterior
Rub rails (One rub rail will indicate seat level, if second is present it represents the floor level)
422
If breaching the roof structure of a school bus, rescuers can determine the location of the roof bows and stringers by
rivets used to secure roof panels (commercial buses many times rivets every other roof rafter instead of every one...spacing generally >2' means a rafter in between)
423
In general, transit commercial buses are ___ construction
integral
424
Gussets that strengthen the sidewall of a bus at the level most likely to be struck by a vehicle
Carline supports
425
Most common material used for transit bus floor decking
3/4" plywood
426
On type A and some B, the batteries are usually located ___. On most type B, C, and D, the batteries are typically located ___
in the engine compartmentin a separate compartment on the drivers side of vehicle
427
A bus equipped with an electric lift may have a separate battery for the lift, disconnecting this will not ___
interrupt power to the engine
428
Low voltage battery banks on nearly all transit buses are located
in a compartment on the drivers side just forward of the rear wheels
429
Most transit buses are equipped with a battery shutoff switch located
in the battery compartment
430
Fuel tank on type A and B school buses are commonly found in ___. In type C and D and most transit/commercial buses, the fuel tanks are located ___
the rearmidship or slightly ahead
431
Most larger transit vehicles are powered by ___ while more of the smaller buses may use ___ or ___
CNG (lighter)LPG (heavier) or LNG (lighter)
432
Some local transit buses are powered by electricity supplied from either a high voltage battery system or from overhead wiring through a rooftop apparatus called a ___
pantograph
433
Suspension feature that allows the front end of the bus to be lowered to curb level, often referred to as ___
kneeling
434
Stay clear of an unsupported bus with an air suspension system because
if it fails, anyone underneath is crushed
435
Most box trailers have ___ of vertical clearance inside from front to rear
110"
436
Many ___ have been converted into transports for individuals with disabilities
type A and B school buses
437
Concept of how an object moves based upon its center of gravity and position
Mechanism of Movement
438
Many commercial vehicles equip each axle with ___, rescuers can use these locations for stabilization
a piece of tubing welded on the axle near the wheel
439
Some commercial vehicles have specifically designed ___ and ___ that rescuers can use for contact points for cribbing or jacks
jack plates and engine supports (last resort)
440
For calculating load, rescuers can estimate appox ___ for each drive axle (commercial/heavy vehicles)
20,000 lbs
441
Rescuers can also use tire profile to estimate weight. Thin or slim profile, ___ lbs. Balloon wide profile tires, ___ lbs
10,00025,000
442
On cab-over units (wheel resting), rescuers should secure the cab with ___ to prevent ___
rope, webbing, chains to prevent is from tilting forward
443
To stabilize a the trailer, rescuers should chock the wheels, confirm that ___, and lower the landing gear
the kingpin is locked
444
A medium or heavy truck on its side can sometimes be easier to stabilize than other smaller vehicles because
weight and shape make them relatively stable
445
To stabilize a side-resting truck, rescuers should install cribbing or other supports at
the cab's door posts
446
If bus is on a slope (especially if it is in danger of rolling sideways down the slope) it may be necessary to supplement the wheel chocks with
chain/webbing/cable attached to bombproof anchor point
447
Due to the potential for catastrophic failure, emergency personnel should not consider ___ a suspension system
reinflating
448
Unless rescuers are positive that the bus has a mechanical suspension system, treat the bus
as if it has an air suspension system
449
If rescuers cannot locate the jack plates on a bus, cribbing the body at ___ can stabilize the vehicle
any solid frame member
450
If rescuers use hydraulic jacks to lift a bus, use jacks of at least ___ capacity
8 ton
451
For side resting buses, fire protection should be no less than ___
2 - 1 1/2" lines with foam capability
452
Side resting - If someone uncouples the tractor from the trailer, the tractor may suddenly ___ while the trailer remains on its side
shift back toward the wheel-resting position
453
Because of their height, medium and heavy trucks may necessitate working
from platforms (flatbed truck, wrecker, build one...door locks, hinges, victims may be 12' up)
454
If operating the exterior or interior door handles does not open the door, it sometimes helps to ___
operate both handles simultaneously
455
Heavy truck doors usually do not contain ___
collision beams
456
If the door has a piano-style hinge, rescuers may need to
remove the retaining bolt instead of attempting to cut the hinge
457
On trucks with air ride seats, rescuers should ___ prior to attempting displacement
release the air from the seat
458
Rescuers may have to ___ that slow egress operations may instill in victims
minimize panic
459
Ways to open (not force) front bus door (3)
-emergency opening button (below windshield or on A post by door)-remove windshield to get to control arm-operate control arm through driver window with a pike pole
460
One reason that rescuers have more difficulty in removing a rear door than other doors
higher off the ground
461
To remove a bus windshield, rescuers should
cut and remove rubber mounting gasket
462
Gaining access through side windows may be difficult for 2 reasons
-small-6-8' off the ground
463
Removing too many posts may compromise
structural integrity
464
Prior to cutting operations on side of bus, rescuers should use the ___ on the exterior sidewall as a guide. The heaviest beams are located on the ___, ___ and ___
horizontal copingfloor, seats bolt to walls, above/below windows
465
Tool to pop rivets or welds that hold the sheets of the sidewall and remove entire sheets of metal
pneumatic chisel
466
Rescuers should use ___ to begin cuts
natural openings
467
On side resting and roof resting vehicles the fuel tank will be inverted and probably leaking near cutting areas. This make the risk of ___ high
flash fire
468
Quickest way for freeing bus driver trapped by steering wheel
cut away the bottom half of the steering ring
469
Two primary ways to remove a person trapped beneath a bus
-dig them out-lift the bus (pneumatic lifting bag, best suited)Heavy wrecker could also be used...keep a rescuer with operator for communication with IC
470
Rescuers may find it more efficient to cut a large opening in the roof of the bus near its
middle (reduces distance for victims/rescuers)
471
When faced with a vehicle in a structure, first check ___, then check ___
the condition of the structure, then the condition of the vehicles
472
Pulling a vehicle out of a structure should be considered ___
only in the most extreme situations (removal could be risky for trapped victims)
473
Two considerations when operating inside a structure using gas-powered equipment
-ventilation-atmospheric monitoring
474
If vehicle has been submerged for more than ___, the operations is almost certainly a body recovery and not a rescue
an hour
475
Rescuers should ___ at the first indication that a vehicle is in a body of water
call a dive rescue team
476
Stabilizing a car immersed in water
secure the vehicle to shore (little else you can do)
477
Who should attempt the disentanglement/extrication of victims trapped in submerged vehicles
Only rescuers trained in water rescue
478
2 exceptions for working with vehicles that have been removed from the water
-electrically powered equipment only used where contact with water unlikely-secure the vehicle so it doesn't roll back into the water
479
When responding to a hanging vehicle incident, rescuers should first ask ___?If not, rescuers should ___
Can the trapped victims be reached from below with ground ladders/aerial?call technical rescue
480
(Hanging vehicles) On scene personnel can take any safe and appropriate actions to ___ the vehicles as long as those actions do not endanger entrapped victims or rescuers
stabilize
481
What to do with traffic at a hanging vehicle incident
Stop traffic in both directions, detour it around the scene to avoid vibrations
482
In most cases, tools for hanging vehicle incident should be ___
fully portable and self-contained
483
Stabilizing a ___ may be the most challenging of any of vehicle stabilization situation
hanging vehicle
484
Consider the following when devising a plan to stabilize a hanging vehicle (3)
-type/weight of vehicle-height-likelihood of vehicle falling
485
The structures of most RV's make them ___
highly susceptible to damage but relatively easy to access (built more like mobile homes than highway vehicles)
486
In a collision, furniture and other contents of RV can cause ___. Rescuers may even face difficulties in verifying ___
a mess...make disentanglement/extrication more difficultthat they have located all the victims
487
Additional challenges to extrication operations in industrial/agricultural vehicles (3)
-size-weight-heavy duty construction
488
Many extrication tools cannot cut the materials used in construction of industrial/agricultural vehicles, so rescuers may need to
disassemble the vehicles
489
Two broad classes of off-road tractors
-wheeled-tracked
490
Tractor type with high profile and relatively narrow track between wheels; relatively lightweight
Wheeled tractor (susceptible to lateral rollover)
491
Wheeled tractors are often used to pull heavy loads, because of this, they often have ___
cast iron weights bolted to wheels and tires filled 90% with calcium chloride or ethylene glycol and water to improve traction
492
All wheeled tractors manufactured after ___ have seat belts and roll bars
October 1976
493
To reduce the possibility of the tractor coming to rest upside down (front wheels leaving the ground) manufacturers equip some wheeled tractors with
cast iron weights attached to the front
494
Differences in a tracked vehicle as opposed to a wheeled tractor (4)
-larger/heavier-wider track-lower profile-less susceptible to rollover
495
___ are sometimes used at airports, especially during inclement weather, to tow aircraft
Tracked vehicles
496
When rescuers encounter hydraulic lines on a harvester, they should first address ___
the end farthest from the victim
497
Some of the most versatile single-purpose vehicles, can telescope more than 40 ft and lift from 7,000-10,000 lbs
Booms (vehicle mounted boom)
498
The bulk of the weight of a forklift chassis is concentrated at ___
the end opposite the lift mechanism to act as a counterweight
499
In most wheeled tractors and similar vehicles with 2-wheel drivetrains, the driving wheels are ___ and the steering wheels are ___. Most forklifts have ___
at the rear, at the frontthe opposite configuration
500
All-wheel vehicle operators often have ___ due to the capability/maneuverability of their vehicle
false sense of invulnerability
