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Head & Neck Anatomy > Vascular system > Flashcards

Vascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an artery?

A
  • carries blood away from the heart

- start as large vessels, branch into smaller arterioles, which branch into even smaller vessels to become capillaries

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2
Q

what is a vein?

A
  • carries the blood to the heart
  • venule drains capillaries to merge into larger veins
  • valves are present
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3
Q

2 major arteries supplying the head and neck:

A
  • common carotid artery

- subclavian artery

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4
Q

where in the heart does the blood come from for each of the 2 arteries supplying the head and neck? (left and right side)

A
  • left side: both arise directly from the aorta

- right side: both branch off the brachiocephalic artery

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5
Q

where is the common carotid artery?

A
  • travels in a sheath deep to the sternocleidomastoid with the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve (CNX)
  • swells at the carotid sinus before dividing into 2 main branches around the larynx: the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery
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6
Q

what is the most reliable arterial pulse point?

A
  • the common carotid artery because it flows directly to the brain (no syncope)
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7
Q

where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

A
  • carotid canal
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8
Q

what are the main functions of the internal carotid artery?

A
  • travels along with the internal jugular vein
  • supplies intracranial structure
  • gives rise to the ophthalmic artery (which will supply the eye, orbit and lacrimal gland)
  • no branches until it enters the cranium
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9
Q

what is the purpose of the external carotid artery?

A
  • supplies the extra-cranial tissue of the head and neck

- has 4 sets of branches

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10
Q

what are the 4 sets of branches for the external carotid artery?

A

1 - anterior
2 - medial
3 - posterior
4 - terminal

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11
Q

what 3 branches can the anterior branch of the external carotid artery further break down into?

A

1 - superior thyroid
2 - lingual (dental)
3 - facial (dental)

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12
Q

how many branches can the superior thyroid branch of the anterior branch of the external carotid artery further break down into? what do these branches do?

A
  • 4 branches

- supplies: tissues inferior to the hyoid bone

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13
Q

how many branches can the lingual artery of the anterior branch of the external carotid artery further break down into? what do these branches do?

A
  • 4 main branches

- supplies: tissues superior to hyoid bone (including suprahyoid muscles, floor of mouth, tongue, soft palate)

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14
Q

how many branches of the facial artery of the anterior branch of the external carotid artery further break down into? what do these branches do?

A
  • 6 main branches
  • supplies:
  • soft palate, palatine muscles, and palatine tonsils
  • submandibular lymph nodes, submandibular salivary gland, the mylohyoid and digastric muscles
  • lower lip and upper lip including muscles of facial expression
  • tissue along the nose
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15
Q

how many branches of the medial artery of the external carotid artery further break down into?

A
  • only one small medial branch: ascending pharyngeal artery

- has many small branches

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16
Q

how many branches of the posterior artery of the external carotid artery are there?

A

1 - occipital artery (further breaks down into 4 branches)

2 - posterior auricular artery (further breaks down into 2 branches)

17
Q

how many branches are there of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

1 - superficial temporal artery (4 branches)
2 - maxillary artery (10 branches)
- splits occurs in parotid gland
- each branch gives rises to important arteries

18
Q

where does the maxillary artery begin?

A
  • at the neck of the condyle

- largest terminal branch

19
Q

branches of the maxillary artery:

A 
10 total (not as important)
1 - middle meningeal artery
2 - inferior alveolar artery, breaks down into... (3,4,5)
3 - incisive artery
4 - mental artery
5 - mylohyoid artery
6 - posterior superior alveolar artery
7 - infraorbital artery, breaks down into... (8)
8 - anterior superior alveolar artery
9 - greater and lesser palatine arteries
10 - sphenopalatine artery
20
Q

what 3 branches of the maxillary artery are important for dental work?

A

1 - inferior alveolar artery and incisive artery: supply mandibular teeth, floor of mouth
2 - posterior superior alveolar artery: supplies posterior mx teeth, mx sinus. sometimes there is also a middle superior alveolar artery present
3 - anterior superior alveolar artery: supplies mx teeth

21
Q

how does blood leave the cranium?

A
  • from merging of external and internal jugular and anterior jugular with the subclavian vein
  • this forms the brachiocephalic vein, which empties into the superior vena cava
22
Q

where does the facial vein drain into?

A
  • internal jugular vein
  • drains from the same regions of the face that the facial artery supplies
  • begins medial corner of the eye from the junction of two veins in the frontal region: the supratrochlear and the supraorbital
23
Q

where does the superficial temporal vein drain?

A
  • lateral scalp
  • superficially located
  • eventually empties into external jugular vein
24
Q

where does the maxillary vein collect blood from?

A
  • pterygoid plexus, nose, palate, teeth, etc

- eventually empties into external jugular vein

25
Q

branches of the maxillary vein that are relevant to dental work:

A
  • inferior alveolar vein (drains mn teeth)

- posterior superior alveolar vein (drains mx teeth)

26
Q

what are the pterygoid plexus of veins?

A
  • a collection of small anastomosing veins located around the pterygoid muscles and maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa
  • accommodates volumetric changes of the infratemporal fossa when the mandible moves
  • ***protects the maxillary artery from being compressed during mastication
  • drains into the maxillary vein
27
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A
  • narrowing and blockage of arteries
28
Q

what is a thrombus

A
  • a clot that forms on the inner wall of a vessel
29
Q

what is an embolus

A
  • a thrombus that dislodges from the wall and starts to move through the vessel
30
Q

what is a hemorrhage

A
  • when a vessel is traumatized and large amounts of blood can escape into the surrounding tissue without clotting
31
Q

what is a hemotoma

A
  • when a vessel undergoes localized trauma and a small amount of blood escapes from the vessel and clots, forming a bruise

Head & Neck Anatomy (6 decks)

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