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Head & Neck Anatomy > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neuron

A
  • nerve cell composed of a cell body and neural processes
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2
Q

what is a nerve

A
  • bundle of neural processes outside the CNS; a portion of the PNS
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3
Q

what is a synapse

A
  • junction between 2 neurons where neural impulses are transmitted
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4
Q

what is innervation

A
  • supply of nerves to tissues or organs
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5
Q

what is a ganglion

A
  • accumulation of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
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6
Q

what is an afferent nerve

A
  • ‘sensory nerve’ carries information away from the periphery of the body to the brain or spinal cord
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7
Q

what is an efferent nerve

A
  • ‘motor nerve’ carries info away from brain or spinal cord to the periphery of the body
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8
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A
  • chemical agents discharged from the neuron that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse
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9
Q

CNS contains:

A
  • the brain and spinal cord
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10
Q

PNS contains:

A
  • nerves stretching from the CNS
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11
Q

the PNS can be further broken down into

A
  • afferent and efferent
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12
Q

the efferent system can be further broken down into:

A
  • somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
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13
Q

the automatic nervous system can be further broken down into:

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest)
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14
Q

CNI

A
  • olfactory nerve
  • has only a special sensory component
  • transmits smell from nasal mucosa to the brain
  • special afferent: special sense of smell (olfaction)
  • enters the skull via perforations in the cribriform plate
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15
Q

CNII

A
  • optic nerve
  • has only a special sensory component
  • conveys visual information from the retina to the brain (special afferent)
  • enters the skull via the optic canal
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16
Q

what is the optic chiasma

A
  • where the right and left optic nerves join
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17
Q

CNIII

A
  • oculomotor nerve
  • somatic motor (efferent)
  • eye muscles (to move the eyeball)
  • parasympathetic: ciliary ganglion, postganglionic fibers to small muscles inside the eyeball, constricts pupil
  • exits skull via superior orbital fissure
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18
Q

CNIV

A
  • trochlear nerve
  • somatic motor (efferent)
  • somatic motor innervates the superior oblique muscle (one of the eye muscles)
  • exits skull via superior orbital fissure
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19
Q

CNV

A
  • the trigeminal nerve
  • largest of the cranial nerves
  • name derives from the 3 major branches
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20
Q

3 divisions of CNV

A

1 - ophthalmic nerve (V1): sensory (superior orbital fissure)
2 - maxillary nerve (V2): sensory (foramen rotundum)
3 - mandibular nerve (V3): sensory and motor (foramen ovale)
- ophthalmic and maxillary are purely sensory
- mandibular is sensory and motor

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21
Q

CNVI

A
  • abducens nerve
  • somatic motor (efferent), eye muscle (the lateral rectus muscle)
  • exits the skull via superior orbital fissure (sphenoid)
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22
Q

CNVII

A
  • facial nerve
  • efferent: motor to the muscles of facial expression. parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands, as well as mucous membranes of nasopharynx, hard and soft palate
  • special sensory (special afferent): taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of tongue; hard and soft palates
  • general sensory (general somatic afferent): tiny patch of skin behind ear
  • passes through: internal acoustic meatus. exits skull via stylomastoid foramen
23
Q

CNVIII

A
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain
  • enters skull via internal acoustic meatus
24
Q

CNIX

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • motor: supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle
  • parasympathetic innervation: smooth muscle and glands of the pharynx, larynx and viscera of the thorax and abdomen
  • general sensory (general somatic afferent): general sensory information from the skin of the external ear, internal surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx and the posterior one-third of the tongue
  • special sensory: taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue
25
Q

CNX

A
  • vagus nerve
  • motor: supplies the voluntary muscles of the pharynx and most of the larynx, as well as the palatoglossus
  • parasympathetic innervation: to many organs in the thorax and abdomen including thymus gland, heart and stomach
  • visceral sensory (visceral afferent)
  • general sensory (afferent): skin around the ear
  • special sensory (special afferent): special sense of taste from epiglottis
  • passes through jugular foramen
26
Q

CNXI

A
  • accessory nerve
  • has a cranial root and a spinal root, both of which consist of motor fibers
  • motor - cranial root: innervates muscles of larynx and pharynx
  • motor - spinal root: innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
  • exits skull via jugular foramen
27
Q

CNXII

A
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • somatic motor (efferent)
  • innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
  • exits skull via hypoglossal canal
28
Q

3 main branches of the trigeminal nerve V1: ophthalmic nerve

A

1 - frontal (roof of orbit): supraorbital and supratrochlear
2 - lacrimal (lateral roof of orbit)
3 - nasociliary (medial orbit): infratrochlear, ciliary, anterior ethmoidal (external and internal nasal), posterior ethmoidal

29
Q

sensory innervation to trigeminal nerve V2: maxillary nerve

A
  • maxilla (including its gingiva and teeth), overlying skin, maxillary sinuses, nasal cavity, palate, nasopharynx
30
Q

sensory innervation to trigeminal nerve V3: mandibular nerve

A
  • mandible (including its gingiva and teeth), overlying skin, tongue, floor of mouth, some soft palate
31
Q

motor innervation to trigeminal nerve V3: mandibular nerve

A
  • mandible: muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, anterior digastric and mylohyoid muscles
32
Q

5 main branches of maxillary nerve (branches into 9 total)

A
  • formed in the pterygopalatine fossa
  • enters skull through foramen rotundum
    1 - zygomatic nerve (enters skull via inferior orbital fissure): branches into zygomaticofacial (skin of cheek) and zygomaticotemporal (skin of temporal region) nerves
    2 - infraorbital nerve (enters skull via infraorbital canal): branches into anterior superior (mx anterior teeth and associated tissues) and middle superior alveolar nerves (mx premolars and mandibular root of 6’s and associated tissues)
    3 - posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSA): enters via foramina in mx tuberosity (mx molars and associated tissues and maxillary sinuses)
    4 - greater and lesser palatine nerves (enter via greater and lesser palatine foramina): greater = posterior hard palate and lingual gingiva, lesser = soft palate and palatine tonsils
    5 - nasopalatine nerve (enters via incisice foramen): anterior hard palate and lingual gingiva and nasal septum
33
Q

5 main branches of mandibular nerve (branches into 8 total)

A
  • starts branching in infratemporal fossa
  • enters skull via foramen ovale
    1 - buccal nerve (long) (on surface of buccinator, deep to masseter): long buccal (skin of cheek, buccal gingiva of mandibular posterior teeth)
    2 - muscular branches (motor) (to muscles of mastication and TVP): muscular branches (medial pterygoid/tensor veli palatini, lateral pterygoid, masseter, temporalis)
    3 - auriculotemporal nerve (deep to lateral pterygoid) (external ear and scalp, posterior to parotid gland)
    4 - lingual nerve (passes under duct of submandibular salivary gland): anterior 2/3 tongue, lingual gingiva, floor of mouth
    5 - inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) (travls through mandibular canal): includes mylohyoid nerve (mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric * motor), mental nerve (chin, lower lip, labial mucosa of mandibular anteriors and premolars), and incisive nerve (mandibular premolars and anterior teeth and associated tissues)
34
Q

efferent, special sensory and general sensory of the facial nerve (CN VII)

A
  • efferent: motor to the muscles of mastication; parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands, as well as mucous membranes of nasopharynx, hard and soft palate (more secretions)
  • special sensory (special afferent): taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of tongue; hard and soft palates
  • general sensory (general afferent): tiny patch of skin behind the ear
  • passes through: internal acoustic meatus, exits skull via: stylomastoid foramen
35
Q

the facial nerve branches to which muscles

A
  • hyoid muscles: stylohyoid muscle and posterior belly of digastric
  • posterior auricular (occipital belly of epicranial)
  • muscles of facial expression: 5 branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical)
36
Q

what are ganglions

A
  • cluster of cell bodies and is associated with parasympathetic nerve fibers
  • parasympathetic: rest and digest: stimulations of glands (e.g. stimulation of salivary glands to help with digestion)
  • otic ganglion
  • submandibular ganglion
  • pterygopalatine ganglion
37
Q

what is the otic ganglion

A
  • associated with parotid gland
38
Q

what is the submandibular ganglion

A
  • associated with submandibular and sublingual glands
39
Q

what is the pterygopalatine ganglion

A
  • associated lacrimal gland
40
Q

2 main types of anesthesia/nerve blocks

A
  • local infiltration

- nerve block

41
Q

local infiltration

A
  • type of injection where a small area (one or 2 teeth) is anesthetized by placing the anesthetic close to terminal nerve endings
  • local infiltration works best in the maxilla
42
Q

nerve block

A
  • type of injection where a large area is anesthetized by placing the anesthetic near large nerve trunks
  • nerve blocks are usually used in the mandible
43
Q

maxillary nerve blocks

A
  • ASA, MSA, PSA blocks
  • infraorbital blocks
  • nasopalatine block
  • greater palatine block
44
Q

ASA blocks

A
  • anterior superior alveolar
  • pulpal and vestibular gingiva of 1 to 3
  • landmark: 2 (at depth of vestibule, angled towards apex of canine)
  • for maxillary canine, centrals and laterals
45
Q

MSA blocks

A
  • middle superior alveolar
  • pulpal and vestibular gingiva of 4, 5 and MB 6
  • landmark: 5 (at depth of vestibule, anterior to zygomatic process of maxilla)
46
Q

PSA block

A
  • posterior superior alveolar
  • pulpal and vestibular gingiva of 6 (except MB) to 8
  • landmark: 7 (at depth of vestibule, posterior to zygomatic process of maxilla)
47
Q

IO block

A
  • infraorbital
  • blocks ASA and MSA together
  • also can freeze lower eyelid, side of nose and upper lip
  • ***must massage IO foramen for 2 minutes after injection
  • landmark: 4 (at depth of vestibule, lined up with infraorbital foramen)
48
Q

NP block

A
  • nasopalatine block
  • lingual gingiva and palate from 3 to 3
  • landmark: incisive foramen, behind central incisors
49
Q

GP block

A
  • greater palatine block
  • lingual gingiva and palate for posteriors
  • landmark: GP foramen (near 7, toward midline)
50
Q

mandibular nerve blocks

A
  • inferior alveolar nerve block
  • lingual nerve block
  • long buccal block
  • mental/incisive block
51
Q

IA and Li blocks

A
  • interior alveolar and lingual blocks
  • IA: pulpal of entire quad, vestibular gingiva 1-5
  • Li: lingual gingiva, floor of mouth and tongue of entire quadrant
  • landmark: height of coronoid notch, in pterygomandibular fold
52
Q

deposition side for LB block

A
  • long buccal block
  • buccal gingiva of mandibular molars
  • landmark: D and B to last mandibular molar
53
Q

penetration site for mental/incisive block

A
  • vestibular gingiva 1-5
  • incisive block includes pulpal 1-5 ** must massage mental foramen for 2 minutes after injection
  • landmark: mental foramen, between 4 and 5

Head & Neck Anatomy (6 decks)

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