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Head & Neck Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 groups of muscles in the head and neck?

A 
1 - cervical muscles
2 - muscles of facial expression
3 - muscles of mastication
4 - hyoid muscle
5 - muscles of the tongue
6 - muscles of the soft palate
7 - muscles of the pharynx
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2
Q

Head and neck musculature

A

Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve innervation

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3
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

O - medial portion of the clavicle and sternum
I - mastoid process
A - bilateral flexion of the head “yes”, unilateral rotation of the head “no”
N - CN XI

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4
Q

Trapezius

A

O - external occipital bone and posterior midline of cervical & thoracic regions
I - lateral 1/3 of clavicle and parts of the scapula
A - shrug shoulders
N - CN XI and cervical nerves 3 and 4 (C3, C4)

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5
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A
  • paired muscles
  • originate from surface of skull and insert into dermis
  • work in concert
  • all innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
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6
Q

Epicranial muscles

A
  • located in the scalp region, has 2 bellies
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7
Q

Frontal belly of epicranial muscle

A
  • origin: epicranial aponeurosis (large spread-out scalp tendon)
  • insertion: skin of eyebrow and nose
  • action: raises eyebrows and scalp
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8
Q

Occipital belly of epicranial muscle

A
  • origin: occipital bone and mastoid process
  • insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
  • action: raises eyebrows and scalp
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9
Q

Eye region: orbicularis oculi

A

encircles the eye

  • origin: orbital rim
  • insertion: skin at the lateral region of the eye
  • action: close eye and squint
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10
Q

Eye region: corrugator supercilii

A
  • origin: frontal bone (supraorbital area)
  • insertion: skin of the eyebrow
  • action: draws skin medially and inferiorly, wrinkle glabella (space between eyebrows and above nose), frowning
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11
Q

Mouth region: obicularis oris

A
  • origin: around the mouth (not attached to bone)
  • insertion: angle of the lips (corners)
  • action: close lips, pouting, kissing, rolling inward (grimacing), thinning (pursing)
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12
Q

Buccinator (deeper) “cheek”

A
  • origin: alveolar process of mandible and maxilla
  • insertion: skin at angle of mouth
  • action: pulling lips laterally, aids in chewing, forcing food occlusal, suckling, Trumpeter’s muscle (forcibly expel air)
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13
Q

Pteryogomandibular raphe

A
  • extends from hamulus (hook-like projection off medial pterygoid plate) to the mylohyoid line (inner surface of mandible)
  • visible in mouth as pterygomandibular fold
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14
Q

Risorius muscle

A
  • superficial to buccinator
  • origin: fascia (fibrous tissue) over masseter and parotid
  • insertion: angle of mouth
  • action: lips stretch laterally (grinning and grimacing muscle)
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15
Q

What do elevator muscles do? How many are there?

A

elevate upper lip, elevate angle of lip, general function in smiling. 5 total

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16
Q

Levator labii superioris

A
  • origin: infraorbital rim
  • insertion: upper lip
  • action: elevates lip
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17
Q

LLS Alaeque Nasi

A
  • medial to LLS with attachment to ala (wing of nose) and upper lip
  • action: elevation of lip to dilate nose
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18
Q

Zygomaticus major

A
  • origin: zygomatic bone
  • insertion: angle of the mouth
  • action: elevate and pull laterally (TRUE SMILE)
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19
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A
  • origin: medial to zygomaticus major
  • insertion: lateral to LLS
  • elevates lip
  • action: assist in smiling
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20
Q

Levator anguli oris

A
  • deep to zygomaticus
  • origin: canine fossa
  • insertion: angle of mouth (deep to zygomaticus major)
  • action: elevates lip, assist in smiling
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21
Q

What do depressor muscles do? How many are there?

A
  • lower the lower lip
  • lower the corner of the lip
  • general function in frowning
    2 total
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22
Q

Depressor anguli oris (triangular)

A
  • origin: lower border of mandible
  • insertion: angle of mouth
  • action: decreases angle of mandible (corner of mouth). frowning
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23
Q

Depressor labii inferioris (deep to DAO)

A
  • origin: border of mandible (mental foramen)
  • insertion: lower lip (medial to DOA)
  • action: depress lip, expose mandibular incisors
  • irony expression
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24
Q

Mentalis

A
  • origin: midline of mandible
  • insertion: skin of chin
  • action: protrude lower lip
  • pouting
  • doubt
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25
Q

Platysma (anterior triangle of neck)

A
  • origin: skin superficial to clavicle
  • insertion: lower border of mandible and muscles around mouth
  • action: wrinkle neck (visible ridges), assist in grimacing (corner of mouth down)
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26
Q

What 12 muscles of facial expression can be seen from the frontal view?

A 
1 - obicularis oris
2 - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
3 - levator labii superioris
4 - zygomaticus minor
5 - zygomaticus major
6 - levator anguli oris
7 - buccinator
8 - platysma
9 - depressor anguli oris
10 - obicularis oris
11 - depressor labii infererioris
12 - mentalis
27
Q

What 13 muscles of facial expression can be seen from lateral view?

A 
1 - corrugated supercilii
2 - obicularis oculi
3 - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
4 - levator labii superioris
5 - zygomaticus minor
6 - levator anguli oris
7 - zygomaticus major
8 - risiorius
10 - depressor labii inferioris
11 - mentalis
12 - depressor anguli oris
13 - platysma
28
Q

Muscles of mastication

A 
There are 4 pairs of muscles attached to the mandible
1 - masseter muscle
2 - temporalis muscle
3 - medial pterygoid muscle
4 - lateral pterygoid muscle
29
Q

What nerve controls the mandible?

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

30
Q

What are the 5 actions of mastication muscles?

A
  • depression
  • elevation
  • protrusion
  • retraction
  • lateral deviation
31
Q

Temporalis

A
  • fills the temporal fossa
  • largest muscle of mastication
  • origin: temporal fossa (inferior temporal line is the upper boundary)
  • insertion: coronoid process
  • action: elevates mandible (posterior fibers - retracts mandible backwards; entire muscle fibres - elevation of the mandible)
32
Q

Masseter

A
  • 2 heads - superficial and deep
33
Q

Superficial head of the masseter

A
  • origin: anterior 2/3 of zygomatic arch
  • insertion: lateral surface of angle of mandible
  • action: elevation of mandible
34
Q

Deep head of the masseter

A
  • origin: posterior 1/3 of zygomatic arch
  • insertion: ramus superior to angle
  • action: elevation of mandible
35
Q

Medial pterygoid muscle

A
  • deep to the masseter (2 heads)
  • origin: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate, palatine bone, and maxillary tuberosity
  • insertion: medial surface of angle of mandible
  • action: elevation and contralateral deviation
36
Q

Lateral pterygoid muscle

A
  • more external muscle
  • 2 heads (inferior and superior) with slightly different functions
  • if only 1 side contracts (unilateral contraction) there will be contralateral deviation
37
Q

Superior head of the lateral pterygoid

A
  • origin: inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid (the roof of the infratemporal fossa)
  • insertion: with anterior surface of neck of condyle
  • action: protrusion
38
Q

Inferior head of the lateral pterygoid

A
  • origin: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
  • insertion: neck of condyle
  • action: protrusion, slight depression of mandible
39
Q

What do hyoid muscles do? How many are there and where are they?

A

Assist in chewing and swallowing. 8 total - 4 supra hyoid and 4 infrahyoid

40
Q

Digastric muscles

A

suprahyoid, has an anterior and posterior belly

  • origin: mastoid notch (medial to mastoid process for the post belly)
  • insertion: inner symphysis (fossa below genial tubercles)
  • action: bellies can work independently or together for swallowing and depressing the mandible
  • nerve innervation: anterior belly - trigeminal nerve (CN V), posterior belly - facial nerve (CN VII)
41
Q

Mylohyoid muscles

A

looks like a mini trapezius, floor of the mouth

  • origin: mylohyoid line
  • insertion: left and right meet medially on hyoid bone
  • action: hyoid elevation, mandibular depression, elevating tongue
  • nerve innervation: mylohyoid nerve (trigeminal nerve of CN V)
42
Q

Geniohyoid muscles

A

deep/superior to mylohyoid muscle

  • origin: genial tubercles
  • insertion: body of hyoid
  • action: elevates hyoid bone
  • nerve innervation: C1 (cervical nerve)
43
Q

Stylohyoid muscles

A
  • origin: styloid process
  • insertion: body of hyoid (near intermediate tendon)
  • action: elevates hyoid
  • nerve innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
44
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

4 pairs depress hyoid bone, all innervated by C1, C2, C3 except thyrohyoid (only C1)

45
Q

Sternothyroid muscles

A
  • origin: posterior surface of sternum
  • insertion: thyroid cartilage
  • action: directly depress thyroid cartilage (indirectly depresses hyoid)
46
Q

Sternohyoid muscles

A

superficial to sternothyroid

  • origin: post of sternum
  • insertion: body of hyoid
  • action: depresses hyoid bone
47
Q

Omohyoid muscles

A

has superior and inferior bellies

48
Q

Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle

A
  • origin: scapula, deep to sternocleidomastoid
  • insertion: short tendon
  • action: depress hyoid (bellies join together by a short tendon)
49
Q

Superior belly of omohyoid muscle

A
  • origin: short tendon
  • insertion: lateral border of body of hyoid
  • action: depress hyoid (bellies join together by a short tendon)
50
Q

Thyrohyoid muscle

A

deep to omohyoid and sternohyoid

  • origin: thyroid cartilage
  • insertion: greater Cornu of hyoid bone
  • action: depress hyoid
  • nerve innervation: just C1
51
Q

What are the 4 groups of intrinsic tongue muscles?

A
  • longitudinal superior intrinsic muscle
  • longitudinal inferior intrinsic muscle
  • transverse intrinsic muscle
  • vertical intrinsic muscle
52
Q

What is the action of the intrinsic tongue muscles? What is their nerve innervation?

A

A - change shape of the tongue (long and narrow, short and thicken)
N - CN XII (hypoglossal)

53
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the extrinsic tongue muscles? What are the 3 pairs of extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

innervation: CN XII - hypoglossal
- genioglossus
- styloglossus
- hyoglossus

54
Q

Genioglossus

A
  • fan shaped, superior to geniohyoid
    O - genial tubercles
    I - most of the tongue
    A - protrusion and depression. prevents tongue from sinking back and obstructing respiration
55
Q

Styloglossus

A

O - styloid process
I - lateral apex (top) and lateral border of body/base of tongue
A - retraction (superior and posterior)

56
Q

Hyoglossus

A

O - hyoid bone (greater Cornu)
I - lateral surface of body
A - depresses

57
Q

Muscles of the pharynx

A
  • stylopharyngeus
  • pharyngeal constrictor muscles:
    • superior
    • middle
    • inferior
58
Q

What is the soft palate? What does it do?

A

located at the roof of the mouth, necessary for swallowing

  • moves soft palate superior and posterior to meet the pharyngeal wall that is being moved anteriorly
  • seals the opening to the nasopharynx to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
59
Q

Palatoglossus

A 
forms the anterior faucial pillar
O - median palatine raphe
I - lateral surface of tongue
A - elevates tongue, depress soft palate
N - CN X
60
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

forms posterior faucial pillar
O - soft palate
I - thyroid cartilage
A - major action: move pharynx anterior and superior when swallowing; closing off nasopharynx

61
Q

Levator veli palatini

A

O - temporal bone (inferior surface)
I - median palatine raphe (just above the uvula)
A - raises soft palate (closes nasopharynx during speech and swallowing)

62
Q

Tensor veli palatini

A 
anterior to levator veli palatini
O - sphenoid bone (inferior surface)
I - median palatine raphe (wraps around hamulus)
A - tightens and slightly lowers palate
N - mn branch of trigeminal nerve/CN V
63
Q

Muscle of the uvula

A

lies within the uvula, broadens posteriorly to change the contour of the posterior portion of the soft palate, helps seal the nasopharynx

64
Q

Nerve innervation of the soft palate

A

All muscles of the soft palate are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus (CNIX, X, XI) except Tensor Veli Palatine (mn branch of the trigeminal nerve)

Head & Neck Anatomy (6 decks)

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