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Anatomy > Vascular physiology II > Flashcards

Vascular physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

When does Venous return increase?

A
  • Increase in blood volume
  • Decrease in arteriolar pressure (resistance)
  • Supine position or with elevated legs
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2
Q

When does Venous return decrease?

A

Increase in right atrium pressure (It diminishes the pressure gradient)

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3
Q

Where does the main function of circulation take place? (important)

A

The main function of the circulation takes place within the microcirculation
= transport of nutrients to tissue and removal of cellular waste products

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4
Q

Whats the non-nutritional role?

important

A

Formation of glomerular filtrate
✓ Regulation of temperature
✓ Immune response
✓ Transport of hormones

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5
Q

Where exactly does the microcirculation happen?

important

A

End portion of arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries and post capillary venules.

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6
Q

From where does the blood flow from?

A

Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries into venules.

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7
Q

By what is the blood flow regulated?

A

Blood flow through the capillary bed is regulated by vasoconstriction and vasodilation of smooth muscle within metarterioles and venules

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8
Q

How are these spincters called?

A

precapillary sphincters

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9
Q

What tissue does the sphincter have?

A

ring of contractile smooth muscle

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10
Q

What movements do they do?

important

A

Relax and constrict

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11
Q

What are capillaries?

important

A

Join arterioles and venules Very narrow: allow exchange of substances with interstitial fluid.

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12
Q

Where can we find the arterioles in the tree?

important

A

In the last division of the arterial tree

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13
Q

Where do we find the venues of the tree?

important

A

First part or the venous system

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14
Q

Does a single capillary has a high or a low resistance?

A

Has a high resistance to blood flow due to its small diameter

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15
Q

Does the capillary network have a high or low resistance?

A

If we consider it as a whole, it has a very low resistance

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16
Q

How is the speed of blood in the capillary network?

A

its very low

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17
Q

How is the pressure in inside the capillary network?

A

Blood pressure is very low

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18
Q

Where does the optimal condition for exchange of nutrients and waste (gases, fluids) between plasma occur?

A

Optimal conditions for exchange of nutrients and waste (gases, fluids) between plasma and interstitial fluid occur in capillaries.

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19
Q

Whats the exchange mechanism between capillaries and interstitial fluid (IF)?

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • filtration
  • absorption
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20
Q

What`s simple diffusion?

important

A

Fick’s Laws of diffusion

related to the concentration

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21
Q

What`s facilitated diffusion?

imposant

A

Pinocytosis or Vesicular transport, endo/exocytosis

thanks to something without energy

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22
Q

What`s the ficks law?

important

A

Fick’s law
Diffusion speed of a substance through a membrane is directly proportional to the concentration gradient of such a substance across that membrane.

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23
Q

What`s simple diffusion in better words?

important

A

Process by which molecules spontaneously move from a high concentration area towards an area with lower concentration (following concentration gradient)
(ex. gases)

24
Q

Regarding simple diffusion, how do lipidic substances travel?
(important)

A

Directly through the endothelial membrane: OXYGEN AND CARBON

DIOXIDE.

25
Q

What are HIDROSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES?

important

A

Through “membrane pores”: WATER, IONS, GLUCOSE.

26
Q

What is net filtration?

important

A

the difference between the gradient between hydrostatic pressure (pressure of the blood that pushes the liquid through the pores in capillaries) and osmotic pressure (pressure exerted by proteins)

27
Q

What`s reabsorption?

important

A

If net fluid movement goes towards the capillary

28
Q

What`s filtration?

important

A

If net fluid movement goes towards the outside of the capillary

29
Q

Who is responsible for the capillary interstitial fluid transfer?

A

The starling law

30
Q

What`s hydrostatic capillary pressue?

important

A

Hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel.

IT depends on:

  • Cardiac Output (CO).
  • Blood volume.
  • Vascular resistance
31
Q

What`s interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

A

Opposes to the filtration towards the capillary.

Most physiologists refer to a negative value (-3) mmHg (close to 0).

32
Q

Whats the force that governs filtration?

important

A

The hydrostatic force that governs FILTRATION is normally HCP

33
Q

Whats blood colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Due to the presence of plasma proteins.
• Normal BCOP 28 mmHg (70% due to proteins)
• Albumin (globulins, fibrinogen)

34
Q

What do osmotic forces have?

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

35
Q

What`s Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure?

A

Small as Albumin concentration is low in interstitial fluid

8mmHg

36
Q

What does an increase in HCP (hydrostatic colloid pressure) do?

A

An ↑ in HCP favours the movement of fluid towards the interstitial space.

37
Q

What does an increase in BCOP (blood colloid osmotic pressure) do?

A

An ↑ in BCOP favours the movement of liquid towards the capillaries from the interstitial space.

38
Q

What does the blood colloid osmotic pressure avoid?

A

The blood colloid osmotic pressure avoids the loss of intravascular volume

39
Q

What does the microcirculation control?

A
  • The pressure gradient between the arterial and venous ends of a capillary network.
  • Vasoconstriction-vasodilation of arterioles, metarterioles and precapillary sphincters (VASOMOTION)
40
Q

What`s vasomotion?

A

Vasoconstriction-vasodilation of arterioles, metarterioles and precapillary sphincters

41
Q

What`s proportional to the metabolic needs in the most tissues?

A

In most tissues, the local flow is proportional to the metabolic needs of those tissues.

42
Q

Arterial pressure depends on:

A
  • Cardiac Output (CO) = SV x HR
  • Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
  • Volume
43
Q

On what does F (cardiac output) depends on?

A

F depends on cardiac output = SV x HR

44
Q

On what does R (resistance) depend on?

A

R depends on viscosity, length of blood vessel and size of lumen (radius)

45
Q

Arterial pressure regulation due to:

A
  • neural mechanisms
  • humoral mechanisms
  • slow action mechanisms
46
Q

What are neural mechanisms?

A

Immediate control

47
Q

What are humeral mechanisms?

A

Intermediate control

  • adrenal/noradrenaline
  • vasopressin
  • renin-angiotension
  • aldosterone
48
Q

What is slow action mechanism?

A

long term control

  • renal function
  • liquid intake
49
Q

Body response to an increase in arterial pressure:

A

blood pressure increase, blood vessel stretch and activate baroreceptor, increased potential activity

50
Q

We have an increased potential activity due to:

A

Cardiovascular center

Vasomotor center

51
Q

What does the cardiovascular center do by an increase in arterial pressure?

A
  • decreased sympathetic activity of to heart
  • decreased heart rate and force if contraction
  • decreased cardiac output
52
Q

What does the vasomotor center do by an increase in arterial pressure?

A
  • blood vessel dilate
  • decreased total peripheral resistance
  • blood pressure decreases to normal
53
Q

What do mechanoreceptors do?

A

Detect changes in volume (Mechanoreceptors located in the atria and major veins). Sympathetic response. Increase in urine production

54
Q

What do Baroreceptors do?

A

Modify the peripheral resistance, the cardiac frequency, and cardiac output in response to changes in blood pressure (Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and the arch of the aorta)

55
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Detect changes in pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, changes in pH and arterial pressure (Chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies). Low O2: hypoxia; high CO2: hypercapnia; high H+: acidosis. All increase SANS

56
Q

Does the Baroreflex include the brain?

A

No, without any connection to the brain
just:

first: aortic arch baroreceptor
second: glossopharyngeal nerve
third: vagus nerve
fourth: Sympathetic nerves
fifth: blood vessels

Anatomy (7 decks)

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