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Anatomy > Blood vessels > Flashcards

Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Define Arteries:

A

Conduct blood from heart to body organs.

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2
Q

Define Arterioles:

A

Medium calibre arteries branching into smaller ones.

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3
Q

Define Capillaries:

A

Small calibre vessels connecting arteries with veins at the tissue level.

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4
Q

Define Venules:

A

Several capillaries come together into small and medium venules.

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5
Q

Define Veins:

A

Larger vessels that conduct blood from body organs to the heart.

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6
Q

State the different functional classification of blood vessels: (5)

A
  • conduction
  • distribution
  • Resistance
  • Interchange
  • Volume and return
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7
Q

What`s Conduction?

A

Larger vessels that conduct blood from body organs to the heart.

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8
Q

What`s distribution? (3)

A
  • Medium calibre arteries.
  • Smooth muscle tissue predominates in their wall.
  • Regulation of regional distribution of blood flow.
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9
Q

What’s resistance regarding functional classification? (4)

A
  • Smaller arteries or arterioles.
  • Smooth muscle tissue predominates in their wall.
  • Regulation of local circulation.
  • Peripheral resistance depends on them.
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10
Q

Whats`s Interchange?

A
  • Capillaries

* Exchange of substances between tissues and blood.

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11
Q

What’s volume and return?

A
  • Veins

* Return blood to the heart.

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12
Q

When do we speak about Macrocirculation? What diameter and which vessels are included?

A

Vessels with a diameter >0.1 mm

  • Large arterioles
  • Muscular and elastic arteries
  • Muscular veins
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13
Q

When do we speak about Microcirculation and what Vessels are included?

A
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Postcapillary venules
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14
Q

State the different layers of a blood vessel: (important)

A
  • tunica interna (intima)
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa or adventitia
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15
Q

What does the tunica internal (intima) contain? What Histology features? (important)

A
  1. inner lining of vessels
  2. Composed of:
  • Endothelium (weich) (squamous epithelium) faces the lumen
  • Basement membrane: collagen fibres (zum Schutz, zum kräftigen)
  • Subendothelium (um mit dem Rest zu connected) (connective tissue, few muscle fibres).
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16
Q

Function of internal elastic lamina, where present and what fibres are present? (4)
(important)

A

➢ Separates tunica intima and media.
➢ With fibres of elastin (single or few layer). Perforated (for the diffusion of molecules).
➢ Present in arteries and arterioles.

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17
Q

What layer is responsible for vasoconstriction and dilation?

A

Tunica Media

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18
Q

What does the tunica media contain? (important)

A

➢ It is the most variable of all layers.

➢ Composed of:
• Smooth muscle fibres circularly arranged (ANS control)
• Connective tissue in variable proportion: elastic, reticular
fibres, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

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19
Q

Which layer is the most variable?

A

Tunica media

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20
Q

What contains the external elastic lamina? (3)

A

➢ Separates tunica media and adventitia.
➢ With fibres of elastin (variable number of rows)
➢ Present only in muscular and elastic arteries.

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21
Q

What layer separates tunica media and adventitia?

A

External elastic lamina

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22
Q

Which vessel present the external elastic lamina?

A

only in muscular and elastic arteries

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23
Q

What tissue does the tunica external contain?

A

dense irregular connective tissue, longitudinally orientaded

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24
Q

What does the tunica externa compose? (4)

A 
Composed of:
• Collagen fibres (type I).
• Elastic fibres.
• Nerves (nervi vascularis).
• Vasa vasorum (vessels supplying blood to vessel walls)
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25
Q

What fibers have fibroelastic connective tissue?

A
  • collagen fibres (type I)

- elastic fibres

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26
Q

What’s a vasa vasorum?

A

Vessels supplying blood to vessel walls

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27
Q

What’s the function of arteries?

A

Conduction of blood from heart to organs

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28
Q

What diameter do arteries have?

A

diameter of 4mm

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29
Q

What makes the arteries special?

A

They contain a great amount of elastic fibres

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30
Q

How is it called when a vessel contains a great amount of elastic fibres?

A

Distensibility

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31
Q

What makes large arteries special?

A

They are really elastic

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32
Q

What makes medium arteries special?

A

They contain well organised muscular fibres

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33
Q

What arteries are really elastic?

A
  • Aorta

- Common carotid

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34
Q

What do large arteries contain?

A
  • Tunica externa or adventitia with vessels and nerve terminals
  • Tunica media
  • non organized muscle fibres with high amount of elastin fibres
  • Well developed internal elastic lamina
  • Tunica interna (intima)
  • Thick sub endothelial layer
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35
Q

What’s a well developed layer of the aorta and common carotid artery?

A

internal elastic lamina

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36
Q

What do medium arteries contain?

A

Tunica externa or adventitia.
External elastic lamina. Variable amount of elastin.
Tunica media. Layers of well-organized muscular fibres.
Internal elastic lamina.
Tunica interna (intima) Thick subendothelial layer.

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37
Q

Whats the layer of the medium artery thats has a well organised muscles fibres?

A

Tunica media

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38
Q

What does the tunica interna of the medium arteries have?

A

Thick sub endothelial layer

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39
Q

Whats the function of small arteries?

A

Distribution

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40
Q

What kind of small arteries do we have?

A
  • small calibre

- arterioles

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41
Q

Which one is bigger, small calibre or arterioles?

A

small calibre are 0.1-2mm

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42
Q

Does small calibre or arterioles contain more muscle fibres?

A

Small calibre: 8-10 layers of muscle fibres. No external elastic lamina.

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43
Q

What does the small calibre has that the arterioles dont have?

A

Internal elastic lamina

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44
Q

Whats the main characteristic of the arterioles? What makes it special?

A

Has a scarce in the tunica external

(areolar connective tissue and sympathetic nerves=

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45
Q

Which arteries count to big arteries?

A
  • aorta

- common carotid

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46
Q

Which muscular artery medium sized do we have?

A
  • femoral

- mesenteric

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47
Q

What are capillaries and what are their function?

A

Join arterioles and venules

Very narrow: allow exchange of substances with interstitial fluid.

48
Q

Whats Microcirculation?

A

Microcirculation: blood flows from arteriole into capillaries into venules

49
Q

What cells do capillaries have?

A

Pericytes (cells located in some areas of capillaries): contain actin and myosin. Formation of new vessels.

50
Q

Whats the main function of capillaries?

A

Only 1 layer of endothelial cells + basement membrane

51
Q

Which types of capillaries do we have?

A
  • Continuous or Somatic
  • Fenestrated or Visceral
  • Discontinuous or Sinusoidal
52
Q

Where can we find continuous or Somatic capillaries?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, lungs, nervous tissue

53
Q

What membrane do continuous capillaries have?

A

Continuous endothelium and basement membrane.

54
Q

Where can we find fenestrated capillaries?

A

(peritubular capillaries kidney, endocrine glands, intestine)

55
Q

What membrane can we find in fenestrated capillaries?

A

Continuous basement membrane

56
Q

Whats the characteristic of fenestrated capillaries?

A

Fenestrations (pores) + diaphragm

57
Q

Whats the main characteristic of glomerular capillaries?

A

Large pores without diaphragm (pedicels)

58
Q

Where can we find glomerular capillaries?

A

In the glomerulus of the kidney

59
Q

What membrane do glomerular capillaries have?

A

Continuous basement membrane

60
Q

What basement membrane do discontinuous capillaries have?

A

Incomplete or absent basement membrane

61
Q

Where can we find discontinuous capillaries?

A

Liver, red bone marrow

62
Q

Whats the main characteristic of discontinuous capillaries?

A

Wide, large fenestrations, intercellular cleft

63
Q

Whats the function of sphincter? (relaxed)

A

control the flow of blood through the cap

64
Q

Whats the function of the capillary bed?

A

a network of 10–100 capillaries that arises from a single metarteriole.

65
Q

What are THOROUGHFARE channels?

A

metarterioles can serve as thoroughfare channels to the venules, bypassing the
capillary bed.

66
Q

Where is the optimum condition for exchange found?

A

within capillaries

67
Q

What is a anastomose?

A

• The union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region.
• They provide alternative routes for blood into an organ or a tissue, known as
Collateral circulation.

68
Q

How are arteries called that dont have anastomoses?

A

End arteries

69
Q

Whats the most developed layer in veins?

A

Tunica externa

70
Q

Whats the layer that contain the most collagen and elastic fibers of the veins?

A

Tunica externa

71
Q

Whats the layer that may be absent in veins?

A

The sub endothelial layer in the tunica media

72
Q

Whats the function of veins?

A

transport blood from tissues to the heart.

73
Q

What do veins NOT contain?

A

They present thin walls relative to their diameter (0.5 mm to 3 cm). No elastic laminas.

74
Q

What is the main characteristic of veins?

A

The have valves

75
Q

In what layer can we find the valves?

A

tunica interna

76
Q

Whats the function of veins?

A

They project towards the heart,

preventing backflow of blood.

77
Q

Histology of valves:

A

An endothelium over connective tissue with elastic fibres.

78
Q

Can we find valves in all veins?

A

Only present in large veins

79
Q

Where are valves more abundant?

A

More abundant in lower limbs.

80
Q

Where can we find the lowest pressure regarding arteries and veins?

A

in vena cava

81
Q

What can we say that venous system is?

A

Venous system is a blood reservoir

82
Q

Where can we find the highest blood distribution?

A

in systemic vessels, arteries and arterioles 13%

83
Q

Where can we find the mayor circulation?

A

in systemic circulation

84
Q

Where can we find the minor circulation?

A

In pulmonary

85
Q

How many coronary arteries do we have?

A

2, one right and one left

86
Q

Which one do we count to the right coronary artery?

A
  • marginal branch

- posterior inter ventricular branch

87
Q

Which one do we count to the left coronary artery?

A
  • Circumflex branch

- Anterior Interventricular branch

88
Q

How many branches do we have in the aorta?

A

Three branches

89
Q

State the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta:

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk with:
    Right common carotid and right subclavian (with right vertebral)
  2. Left common carotid
  3. Left subclavian artery with left vertebral
90
Q

What goes from the brachicephali branch?

A

Right common carotid and right subclavian (with right vertebral

91
Q

What can we find towards the right arm?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk: Right Subclavian artery, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, and Ulnar

92
Q

What can we find towards the left arm?

A

Left Subclavian artery, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, and Ulnar

93
Q

How many branches of the descending thoracic aorta do we have?

A

two:

  1. visceral branches
  2. parietal branches
94
Q

Which ones contain the visceral branches?

A
  • Pericardial
  • Esophageal - Bronchial
  • Mediastinal
95
Q

Which ones contain the parietal branches?

A

Intercostals

96
Q

Where do the visceral branches go to?

A

the internal organs

97
Q

Where do the parietal branches go to?

A

To the body walls

98
Q

Which structures can we find below the diaphragm?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesteric
  • renal
  • inferior mesenteric
99
Q

Which arteries do the celiac trunk contain?

A

Left gastric

- Common hepatic - Splenic

100
Q

Which arteries do the superior mesenteric contain?

A
  • Small intestine

- Right colic (colon)

101
Q

Which arteries do the renal contain?

A

none

102
Q

Which arteries do the inferior mesenteric contain?

A
  • Left Colic

- Superior recta

103
Q

Which arteries do the celiac trunk contain?

A

Left gastric

- Common hepatic - Splenic

104
Q

Which arteries do the superior mesenteric contain?

A

Small intestine

- Right colic (colon)

105
Q

Common iliac artery:

A
  • internal iliac

- external iliac

106
Q

Which arteries do the external iliac contain?

A

Femoral artery

  • Popliteal artery
  • Tibial artery
  • Fibular artery
107
Q

Oxygenated blood returns to:

A

FOUR pulmonary veins

108
Q

Systemic (deoxygenated) blood returning to:

A
  • Coronary sinus
  • Superior vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava
109
Q

Function of superior vena cava:

A

Collects blood from upper limbs, head, and thorax

110
Q

Right brachiocephalic

A
  • Right Subclavian from External Jugular
  • Internal Jugular
  • Right Vertebral
111
Q

Left brachiocephalic

A

Left Subclavian from External Jugular

Internal Jugular
Left Vertebral

112
Q

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA function:

A

Collects blood from upper limbs, head, and thorax

113
Q

Azygos System

A

− Esophageal Veins
− Bronchial Veins
− Intercostal Veins

114
Q

Inferior vena cava function:

A

Collects blood from lower limbs and abdominal cavity

115
Q

Inferior Vena Cava contains:

A 
− Hepatic
− Splenic
− Mesenteric
− Renal
− Testicular/Ovaric

Anatomy (7 decks)

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