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Anatomy > Heart as a pump > Flashcards

Heart as a pump Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole

A

Filling of the atria or ventricles with blood.

It coincides with muscular relaxation

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2
Q

Systole

A

Ejection or expulsion of blood from the atria or ventricles.

It coincides with muscular contraction.

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3
Q

From where does the Atria receive blood during ATRIA DIASTOLE?

A

receive blood from veins. Most of the blood (80%) diffuses passively from the atria (> pressure) to the ventricles (< pressure) due to the difference in pressures.

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4
Q

What happens during ATRIAL SYSTOLE?

A

ejects the remaining blood to the ventricles.

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5
Q

Name the events in the Atria during Systole- Diastole? (16)

A
  1. Depolarisation starts at SA node (p wave)
  2. Atrial depolarisation causes atrial systole emptying 25ml of blood into ventricles

(End-diastolic volume (EDV, IN VENTRICLE): 105 ml + 25 ml = 130 ml)

  1. Atrial repolarization starts. Atria relax = Atrial diastole.
  2. Start of ventricular depolarization (QRS wave at ECG)
  3. Ventricular depolarization will cause ventricular systole.
  4. The intraventricular pressure increases.
  5. AV valves close.
  6. Ventricle chamber closed during a brief period of time (≈0.03 s).
  7. Isovolumetric contraction: while contraction causes ventricular pressure to rise sharply, there is no overall change in volume because semilunar valves are closed
  8. The intraventricular pressure continues to increase.
  9. Semilunar valves open.
  10. Blood (70 ml, stroke volume) exits heart towards the aorta or pulmonary arteries (fast ejection followed by slow ejection).
  11. Isovolumetric relaxation: ventricles relax and the 4 valves are closed, so there is no change in ventricular volume.
  12. Ventricular repolarization (T wave in ECG) will cause ventricular diastole.
  13. The intraventricular pressure diminishes.
  14. Blood tends to return, closing the semilunar
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6
Q

meaning of iso

A

same

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7
Q

meaning of volume

A

volume

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8
Q

End diastolic volume in ventricles

A

105 ml + 25 ml = 130 ml

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9
Q

End systolic volume in ventricles

A

The volume that remains in the heart after the systole

EDV – Stroke Volume = 60 ml

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10
Q

fast ventricular filling

A

CHAMBERS
• Fast and passive ventricular filling with atrial blood.
• Ventricular volume
• Low ventricular pressure

VALVES
• AV valves: Opened
• Semilunar valves: Closed

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11
Q

slow ventricular filling

A

CHAMBERS
• Ventricles relaxed.
• Slow ventricular filling.

VALVES
• AV valves: Opened
• Semilunar valves: Closed

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12
Q

Atrial contraction

A

CHAMBERS
• Atrial contraction
• Final phase of ventricular filling

VALVES
• AV valves: Opened
• Semilunar valves: Closed

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13
Q

Isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles

A

CHAMBERS
• Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
• Increase in the ventricular pressure
• Constant ventricular volume

VALVES
• AV valves: Closed
• Semilunar valves: Closed

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14
Q

Fast ventricular ejection

A

CHAMBERS
Ventricular contraction Increase in the ventricular pressure (maximal)
Fast blood ejection (from left ventricle to aorta)
low Ventricular volume high Aortic pressure

VALVES
• AV valves: Closed
• Semilunar valves: Opened

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15
Q

slow ventricular ejection

A

reservoir of blood and the pressure

CHAMBERS
• Minimal ventricular volume
• low Speed of the blood ejection towards the aorta
• low Aortic pressure when the blood passes into the arteries

VALVES
• AV valves: Closed
• Semilunar valves: Opened

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16
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A 
CHAMBERS
• Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
• low Ventricular pressure
• Constant ventricular volume
• Filling of the atrial starts

VALVES
• AV valves: Closed
• Semilunar valves: Closed

17
Q

What does the aorta and pulmonary trunk do during ventricular contraction?

A

The aorta and pulmonary trunk expand and store pressure in the elastic walls

18
Q

What happens during Isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Elastic recoil (Rückstoß) of arteries.
The stored energy in the arteries sends blood toward
the circulatory system

19
Q

What are heart sounds?

A

due to blood turbulences produced by the heart during the cardiac cycle that propagate through the tissues (blood, vessels, muscle) and can be detected in specific places of the body surface.

20
Q

Whats the first sound for?

A

The first sound (“lubb”, S1) corresponds to the closing of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.

21
Q

Whats the second sound?

A

The second sound (“dup”, S2) is associated with the fast closing of semilunar valves. At the end of ventricular systole and beginning of the diastole.

22
Q

Whats the third sound?

A

The third sound (occasional) is produced between the fast and slow filling phases.
It is due to ventricular vibrations caused by:

▪ Abrupt distension of the ventricular walls when blood enters the ventricles (fast filling)
▪ Abrupt stop of the flow’s speed (between fast and slow filling)

23
Q

Whats the fourth sound?

A

The fourth sound (if heard = pathology) occurs during atrial systole.
It may be due to:

▪ Atrial contraction.
▪ Distension of the ventricles when blood passes through.

24
Q

Whats a stenosis?

A

when valves do not open properly

25
Q

Whats an insufficiency?

A

when valves do not close tightly

26
Q

When can abnormal heart sounds appear?

A

As a consequence of turbulences in blood flow

27
Q

Whats can be the cause of turbulences in blood flow?

A

Due to:

  • Internal roughness
  • Heart valves diseases (stenosis, insufficiency)
28
Q

Atrial depolarization

A

causes atrial systole emptying 25 ml of blood into ventricles. Ventricles already have 105 ml from previous cardiac cycle (PASSIVE FILLING).

29
Q

Atrial repolarization starts

A

Atria relax = Atrial diastole

30
Q

Start of ventricular depolarization

A

QRS wave at ECG

31
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

while contraction causes ventricular pressure to rise sharply, there is no overall change in volume because semilunar valves are closed.

32
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

ventricles relax and the 4 valves are closed, so there is no change in ventricular volume

33
Q

Ventricular repolarization

A

(T wave in ECG) will cause ventricular diastole.

Anatomy (7 decks)

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