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CPR Exam 1 > Vascular Histology > Flashcards

Vascular Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries branch extensively to do what?

A

Decrease in diameter

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2
Q

Veins merge repeatedly to do what?

A

Increase in diameter

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3
Q

What are the components of the tunica intima?

A

Endothelium, basal lamina and subendothelial layer

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4
Q

Describe the endothelium of the tunica intima

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells

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5
Q

Describe the basal lamina of tunica intima

A

Basal lamina of the endothelial cells

Thin EC layer (collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

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6
Q

Describe the subendothelial layer of the tunica intima

A

Consists of loose CT
Contains the internal elastic membrane which is a sheet like layer of fenestrated elastic material within arteries and arterioles

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7
Q

Describe endothelial cells

A

Single layer of endothelial cells form innermost aspect of the tunica intima
Connected via cell-cell junctions

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8
Q

What is the function of endothelial cells?

A

Support the basement membrane and produce collagen

Metabolically involved in blood coagulation and thrombosis, local vasodilation/constriction

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9
Q

What do the storage granules within endothelial cells contain?

A

P selectin which is involved in inflammation and van wille brand factor involved in hemostasis

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10
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

Circumferentially arranged layers of smooth muscle
Relatively thick in arteries
Extends from the internal elastic membrane to the external elastic membrane
Varying amounts of elastin, reticular fibers and proteoglycans

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11
Q

The external elastic membrane is a layer of elastin that separates which two structures?

A

The tunica media and adventitia

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12
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia

A

Longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue with few elastic fibers
Will merge with the loose CT surrounding the vessels
Ranges from relatively thin (arterial system) to quite thick (venules/veins)

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13
Q

What is the vasa vasorum of the tunica adventitia?

A

Vessels of the tunica adventitia that supply blood to the vascular tunics themselves
Found in large arteries and veins

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14
Q

What is the Nervi vasorum (vascularis) of the tunica adventitia?

A

ANS input that controls contraction of vascular smooth muscle

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15
Q

Describe large (elastic) arteries

A

Largest vessels of the arterial system
Elastin forms concentric sheets/lamellae b/w muscle cell layers
Smooth muscle synthesizes collagen, elastin, ground substance of ECM

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16
Q

Describe medium (muscular) arteries

A

More smooth muscle and less elastin than elastic arteries
Prominent internal elastic membrane becomes apparent*
A recognizable external elastic membrane is present

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17
Q

Which type of artery has the smooth muscle arranged in a spiral fashion and has a relatively thick tunica adventitia?

A

Medium (muscular) arteries

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18
Q

How can you distinguish between small arteries and arterioles?

A

By number of smooth muscle layers in tunica media

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19
Q

Describe small arteries

A

Have up to 8 layers

Will also have an internal elastic membrane

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20
Q

Describe arterioles

A

Have 1-2 layers and internal elastic membrane may or may not be present
Flow regulators for capillary beds

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21
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the tunica media of arterioles causes what?

A

Vasoconstriction

22
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to tunica media of arterioles causes what?

A

Vasodilation

23
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Smallest of all blood vessels that form capillary beds
Site of metabolic exchange
Diameter often smaller than RBCs

24
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Perivascular contractile cells with branching cytoplasmic processes
Enclosed with basal lamina and continuous with that of the endothelium
Controlled by NO (endothelial cells)

25
What is the function of pericytes?
Promote stability of capillaries and postcapillary venules
26
What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous/sinusoidal
27
Describe continuous capillaries
Most common Have tight, occluding junctions that seal off the intercellular clefts All molecular exchange must occur via diffusion or transcytosis Continuous basement membrane (cells meet end to end)
28
Where are continuous capillaries found?
Located throughout the body (muscle, brain, peripheral nerves, exocrine glands)
29
Describe fenestrated capillaries
Located in organs where molecular exchange with the blood is important Have tight junctions with fenestrations among endothelial cells Allows greater exchange across the endothelium but limited to size of macromolecule Continuous basement membranes
30
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Endocrine glands and sites of fluid/metabolite absorption, gallbladder and kidney
31
Describe continuous/sinusoidal capillaries
Located where exchange of macromolecules and cells (b/w tissue and blood) must openly occur Large fenestrations among endothelial cells (larger than fenestrated type) Open exchange occurs; large cell movements allowed Partial, discontinuous basement membrane
32
Where are discontinuous/sinusoidal capillaries found?
Bone marrow, liver and spleen
33
What are metarterioles?
First branch off of arteriole supplying tissues
34
What do precapillary sphincters regulate?
Blood flow through true capillaries
35
What are true capillaries?
Branch from metarteriole Lack smooth muscle Pericytes may be present
36
What is a thoroughfare channel?
Distal end of metarteriole (lacks smooth muscle) | Connects to a postcapillary venule
37
What happens when precapillary sphincters contract?
Blood flow will be shunted Prevents exchange within true capillaries Forces blood to enter venous return more quickly Differentially occurs based on metabolic demand
38
Describe venules
Receive blood from capillaries and have a diameter as small as 0.1mm Subclassified as postcapillary and muscular venules
39
Describe small veins
Continuous with muscular venules Have all three tunics Tunica media is 2-3 layers Have thicker tunica adventitia
40
Medium veins represent what?
Most of the named veins
41
What are examples of large veins?
Superior and inferior vena cava and the hepatic portal vein
42
Describe veins
Tunics are not as distinct or well defined Large and medium veins have all three layers Tunica intima may contain valves (semilunar flaps consisting of a thin CT core covered by endothelial cells)
43
Compare veins and arteries
Veins have thinner walls than accompanying arteries Lumen is larger than that of the artery Lumen of veins are often collapsed
44
What do postcapillary venules drain?
Capillaries and have no true tunica media
45
Describe muscular venules
Have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media | Thin tunica adventitia
46
Describe medium veins
Travel with muscular arteries Thicker tunica adventitia Wall is often folded around large lumen Contains valves
47
Describe the tunica adventitia of large veins
The thickest layer of the vessel wall Contains collagen, elastic fibers and fibroblasts Contains longitudinal smooth muscle cells
48
Describe the tunica media and intima of large veins
Tunica media is thin with circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers and some fibroblasts Tunica intima is thin and blends with tunica media
49
Describe lymphatic vessels
Circulate lymph through most parts of the body Serve as adjuncts to the blood vessels Are unidirectional conveying fluid only from tissues Collect lymph and return it to venous supply Have all vascular tunics and possess valves Walls increase in thickness as vessel increases in size
50
Describe lymphatic capillaries
Closed ended tubes found among capillary beds Overlapping endothelial cells from 1 way valves for collecting lymph Incomplete basal lamina which increases permeability Openings b/w the endothelial cells are held in place by anchoring filaments
51
Lymphatic capillaries joint to form what?
Collecting lymphatic vessels
52
Go over
Lymph flow pathway

CPR Exam 1 (14 decks)

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