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CPR Exam 1 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

The sternal angle

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2
Q

The inferior mediastinum can be further divided into what?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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3
Q

The anterior mediastinum is anterior to which structure?

A

The heart

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4
Q

What is in the middle mediastinum?

A

The heart

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5
Q

The posterior mediastinum is posterior to what?

A

The heart

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6
Q

Describe the systemic circulation

A

From the LA past the bicuspid valve into the LV out of the heart past the aortic valve into the aorta through the arterial system, through the capillaries, through the venous system and back into the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava

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7
Q

Describe the pulmonary circulation

A

From the superior and inferior vena cava into the RA past the tricuspid valve into the RV out of the heart past the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk, through the right and left lungs back into the heart through pulmonary veins

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8
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Outermost layer of the heart

Made up visceral serous pericardium

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thick muscular layer made up of spiraling overlapping layers of cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Describe a myocardial infarction

A

Lack of blood flow to a specific area of the myocardium usually the rest of a block in a coronary A

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11
Q

What is coronary atherosclerosis?

A

Buildup of lipids on the internal walls of the coronary arteries decreases the size of lumen of that vessel increasing the likelihood of an embolus or blocking a vessel off entirely

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12
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Pain that originates in the heart and produces a strangling pain of the chest
Usually the result of narrow or obstructed coronary arteries that produces ischemia of the myocardium

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13
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer lining the inside of the chambers of the heart and valves

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14
Q

Describe the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

Dense collagenous fibers
Produces attachment points for the myocardium, produces attachment points for the valves of the cuspid valves, supports and strengthens AV and semilunar orifices and provides an electrically insulated barrier b/w the atria and the ventricles

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15
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?

A

Sternocostal (RV)
Diaphragmatic (right and left ventricle)
Pulmonary (paired; RA and LV occupying the cardiac impression on both lungs)

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16
Q

What are the 4 borders of the heart?

A

Right (RA)
Inferior (RV)
Left (LV)
Superior (right and left atria and the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk)

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17
Q

Where is the right AV groove and what does it transmit?

A

Between the RA and RV

Transmits the right coronary A

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18
Q

Where is the left AV groove and what does it house?

A

Between the LA and LV

Houses the coronary sinus

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19
Q

Where is the anterior interventricular groove and what does it transmit?

A

Between the right and left ventricles on the anterior aspect of the heart
Transmits the anterior interventricular A and great cardiac V

20
Q

Where is the posterior interventricular groove and what does it transmit?

A

Between right and left ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart
Transmits the posterior interventricular A and the middle cardiac V

21
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

External vertical groove corresponding to the internal crista terminalis

22
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus which shunted blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to bypass the nonfunctional lungs
Communication between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of the aorta

23
Q

What loops around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum before ascending to the larynx?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal N of the vagus N (CN X)

24
Q

Describe atrial septal defects

A

Typically involves incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
It is estimated that 15-20% of adults have a small patency of their foramen ovale which is considered clinically insignificant
Larger openings in the interatrial septum can be clinically significant as they allow mixture of oxygen and oxygen depleted blood

25
Q

The tricuspid valve separates which two structures?

A

RA and RV

26
Q

The pulmonary semilunar valve separates which structures?

A

RV and pulmonary trunk

27
Q

Where are the tricuspid and pulmonary valves located?

A

RV

28
Q

What is cardiac catheterization?

A

Insertion of a catheter into the femoral vein which is then passed up to the IFC allowing radiographic vascularization of the RA, RV, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary A

29
Q

What does the bicuspid (mitral) valve separate?

A

LA and LV

30
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

Myocardial wall separating the two ventricles
Houses the AV bundle, right and left bundle branches and sub endocardial branches
Described as having a membranous (fibrous) part that belongs to the fibrous skeleton of the heart and a much larger muscular part

31
Q

Describe ventricular septal defects

A

Due to the embryologically divergent tissues that make up the interventricular septum that structure is particularly susceptible to defects
All defects are clinically relevant as they allow the mixture of oxygen rich and oxygen depleted blood

32
Q

What does the aortic semilunar valve separate?

A

LV and ascending aorta

33
Q

What are aortic sinuses?

A

Space between the wall of the ascending aorta and the cusps of the aortic valve
The right and left aortic sinuses house the openings for the right and left coronary A

34
Q

What is an artificial cardiac pacemaker?

A

Produces a regular electrical impulse that is carried to the ventricles via electrodes which are inserted through a large vein to the superior vena cava into the RA past the tricuspid valve into the endocardium of the trabecula carnae of the RV

35
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Irregular twitching of the atrial cardiac muscle fibers to which the ventricles respond at irregular intervals
Circulation usually remains satisfactory

36
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Rapid irregular twitching of the ventricles rendering the heart unable to pump blood
An electrical shock administered by electrodes can cease all cardiac movement (defibrillation) in the hopes that the heart may begin beating regularly after a period of time

37
Q

Describe cardiac referred pain

A

Ischemia stimulates visceral pain sensory fibers in the heart of the autonomic nervous system
These visceral sensory fibers often share a spinal ganglion with the somatic sensory fibers of areas such as the upper limb and superior lateral chest wall

38
Q

Anginal pain is typically referred to the area innervated by what?

A

The left medial brachial cutaneous nerve, the left substernal area, left pectoral area and medial aspect of the left upper limb are often involved in this variety of referred pain

39
Q

The parietal serous pericardium is adherent to what?

A

Fibrous pericardium

40
Q

The visceral serous pericardium is adherent to what?

A

The heart and makes up the epicardium

41
Q

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

Wide recess posterior to the base of the heart

42
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Transverse passage traversing the origins of the great vessels

43
Q

What is the surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

This space allows cardiac surgeons to access the area posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert the tubes of a bypass machine into these large vessels

44
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the pericardium which can make the pericardium rough and produce friction
This friction called a pericardial friction rub can be observed with a stethoscope
If left untreated the pericardium can calcify

45
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Inflammation of the pericardium can result in the accumulation of fluid or pus in the pericardial sac which can compress the heart

46
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Heart compression

47
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A

Drainage of blood, fluid or pus from the pericardial sac

This is usually done to relieve cardiac tamponade

CPR Exam 1 (14 decks)

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