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Clinical Medicine > Vascular Diseases > Flashcards

Vascular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis AKA

A

Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease (ASVD)

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2
Q

What systems does Atherosclerosis affect?

A

Any

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3
Q

What disease is the leading of vascular disease

A

Atherosclerosis

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4
Q

Basic Pathophysiology:

Abnormal plaque (atheroma) that develops on the inner wall of an artery

A

Atherosclerosis

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5
Q

Atheroma is

A

collection of foam cells

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6
Q

Atheroma can lead to

A

ischemia, pain, thrombus, blood clot

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7
Q

Thrombosis of carotid artery may cause

A

stroke with profound loss of neurological functioning

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8
Q

When atheroma breaks apart and spread debris, is can cause lesions called

A

Emboli

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9
Q

Emboli are (traveling/nontraveling) while Atheroma are (traveling/ nontraveling)

A

traveling, non-traveling

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10
Q

Retinal arterial plaques cause

A

central or branch retinal artery occlusions with subsequent retinal ischemia or vision loss

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11
Q

Age risk factor of Atherosclerosis are

A

Men 45+

Women 55+

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12
Q

Who is at greatest risk for Atherosclerosis

A

insulin-resistant, type II diabetic with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, low HDL, and central fat retention

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13
Q

What hormone is believed to have vasoprotective effect on vessels

A

estrogen

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14
Q

(post/pre) menopausal are at a greater risk for Atherosclerosis

A

post

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15
Q

Who has a lesser risk for Atherosclerosis?

Postmenopausal women
Men
Premenopausal women

A

Premenopausal woman

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16
Q

Postmenopausal women have a decreased level of

A

HDL and Estrogen

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17
Q

What is the highest risk factor for Atherosclerosis

A

Presence of high blood lipid levels

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18
Q

Signs & Symptoms of what?

Usually asymptomatic until heart attack or stroke
Ischemia
Angina

A

Atherosclerosis

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19
Q

What type of diabetes has a higher risk for atherosclerosis

A

Type II

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20
Q

Detection of Atherosclerosis include:

A

Angiogram
Blood test
Chest xray
CT scan

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21
Q

Meds for Atherosclerosis

A

Statin meds (lower cholesterol)

Antioxidants
Vitamin C
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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22
Q

Doing these things can reduce your risk of what disease?

eliminate tobacco use
reduce intake of fat/animal fat
estrogen supplementation 
Vitamin C
Working out
A

Atherosclerosis

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23
Q

Anti inflammatory therapy may reduce

A

Atherosclerosis

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24
Q

High blood pressure is also known as

A

systemic hypertension

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25
Q

This disease affects these body parts

heart, brain, kidney, eyes and peripheral circulation

A

systemic hypertension

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26
Q

Primary-essential hypertension is also known as

A

Idiopathic or primary hypertension

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27
Q

Primary-essential hypertension, idiopathic or primary hypertension, secondary hypertension are all subtypes of

A

systemic hypertension

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28
Q

Secondary hypertension affects what system

A

Renal

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29
Q

Basic Pathophysiology:

when bp too high for body’s normal homeostasis

A

systemic hypertension

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30
Q

This disease is defined as high blood pressure with no definable cause

A

Primary-essential hypertension (idiopathic)

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31
Q

This is the result of renal disease and involves the inability of the kidneys to handle sodium and fluids that ultimately lead to an increase in plasma volume

A

Secondary hypertension

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32
Q

Decrease glomerular filtration rate

A

secondary hypertension

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33
Q

Systemic hypertension is (not genetic/ genetic)

A

genetic

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34
Q

What disease do these risk factors relate to?

Obesity, occupation, salt, sensitivity, elevation of insulin

A

Systemic hypertension

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35
Q

African americans are at a higher risk for this vascular disease

A

systemic hypertension

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36
Q

Males are at a greater risk for this disease

A

systemic hypertension

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37
Q

Initially systemic hypertension is (symptomatic/asymptomatic)

A

asymptomatic

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38
Q

Angina, occipital headache, dizziness, and dimming vision are symptoms of

A

systemic hypertension

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39
Q

Systemic hypertension affects what two body parts?

A

heart and brain

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40
Q

Renal failure accounts for 10% of deaths from

A

systemic hypertension

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41
Q

This disease can cause Central Retinal Occlusion

A

systemic hypertension

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42
Q

Papilledema is an effect of what disease:

Bilateral disc edema

  • arterial occlusion
  • Malignant
A

systemic hypertension

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43
Q

Treatment for what disease:

diuretics (Thiazides)
Antiadrenergic agents 
Vasodilators
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin-Receptor Agonists
Calcium-channel agonists
A

Systemic hypertension

44
Q

Treatment for what disease:

Antiadrenergic agents
Angiotensin-Receptor Agonists

A

systemic hypertension

45
Q

Treatment for what disease:

Calcium-channel agonists
diuretics (Thiazides)
Vasodilators
ACE inhibitors

A

systemic hypertension

46
Q

TX for ?

Diuretic of lowest dose

A

early hypertension

47
Q

Adding a second medication that is either a beta blocker, ACE inhibitor, or angiotensin receptor agonist is known as what? What disease is it for?

A

Ineffective diuretic Therapy, systemic hypertension

48
Q

Calcium channel-blocking agent (verapamil) is known as ? What disease is it for?

A

Diuretic intolerance, systemic hypertension

49
Q

Adding a second agent is due to what? What disease?

A

Ineffective calcium channel-blocker therapy, systemic hypertension

50
Q

Dosage increased to full strength, limit salt intake, and third blood-pressure agent is added because of what?

A

continued ineffective therapy from systemic hypertension

51
Q

Ischemic heart disease is also known as

A

IHD

Myocardial ischemia

52
Q

Name the disease for this pathophysiology:

When significant atherosclerosis of the epicardial coronary arteries exists, the perfusions (flow) of oxygen to the heart muscle may be inadequate

A

Ischemic heart disease

53
Q

This disease results from an imbalance between the demand by the heart muscle for oxygen and the amount of blood supplied by the coronary arteries

A

Ischemic heart disease

54
Q

Perfusion pressure lower than demand of heart muscle lead to

A

ischemic heart disease

55
Q

This disease is caused by

  • atherosclerosis
  • anemia
  • left ventricular hypertrophy
  • congenital malformations of coronary arteries
A

Ischemic heart disease

56
Q

Reduces perfusion causes what disease

A

ischemic heart disease

57
Q

atherosclerosis + anemia + left ventricular hypertrophy + congenital malformations of coronary arteries = ?

A

Reduced perfusions (ischemic heart disease)

58
Q

Total occlusions by atheroma in ischemic heart disease lead to

A

instand catastrophic myocardial failure

59
Q

Partial occlusions in ischemic heart disease leads to

A

intermittent and exertion induces angina pectoris

60
Q

Nitrates are used for medical management of

A

angina pectoris

61
Q

Losing weight (if you’re obese), controlling hypertension, diabetic or hyperlipidemia conditions, and ceasing smoking can be beneficial to managing what disease?

A

ischemic heart disease

62
Q

Identify: Chest discomfort with choking, squeezing, smothering sensation – often occur after stress, anger, exercise. What disease?

A

Transient myocardial ischemia, Ischemic heart disease

63
Q

Unstable angina - during rest of at night during sleep - is a symptom of what?

A

Ischemic heart disease

64
Q

Treatment for what disease?

Surgical management- percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) - which is used only with single or two vessel atherosclerosis.

A

Ischemic heart disease

65
Q

TX for what disease?

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) used for patients with three or more occluded vessels

A

Ischemic heart disease

66
Q

TX for what disease?

Coronary revascularization

A

Ischemic heart disease

67
Q

Another term for Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is

A

heart attack

68
Q

Which vascular disease is the most damaging heart condition

A

AMI

69
Q

Slowly developing stenosis of coronary arteries is known as

A

atherosclerosis

70
Q

Pathophysiology of what disease?

results from lack of oxygen supply to the working myocardium. Regional infarcts are due to lack of blood flow that occurs when an epicardial artery is blocked by atheroma or thrombus, or other obstructions.

A

Acute myocardial infarction

71
Q

If you are over 75yo, what percentage die within 1 month of an AMI

A

2/3, 65%

72
Q

Hypertension, cigs, at risk lipid profile are risk factors for what symptom, and what disease?

A

thrombogenesis, AMI

73
Q

Most patients report pain (deep, crushing, boring pain) an initial symptom of

A

AMI

74
Q

With pain in the chest, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, shortness of breath are also reported by patients experiencing

A

AMI

75
Q

Occlusion/antheroma or atherombic lesion of the basilar artery or the vertebral artery resulting in insufficient blood flow to the posterior portions of the brain cause this disease:

A

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency

76
Q

Poor blood flow to the brain stem can cause:

A

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency

77
Q

Peripheral vascular Dz subtypes:

A
  • peripheral arterial Dz

- peripheral vascular Dz

78
Q

Pathophys. of peripheral vascular disease:

A
  • Circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs
  • Usually due to occlusion on medium and large sized arteries
  • Occlusion in abdominal aorta, iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, peroneal arteries
79
Q

Occlusion in abdominal aorta, iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, peroneal arteries results in:

A

Peripheral arterial Dz

80
Q

Pallid skin, perspiration, and coolness of extremities are signs of

A

AMI

81
Q

___ will reveal the abnormal presence of third (S3) and fourth (S4) heart sounds to the examining physician

A

Auscultation

82
Q

Older patients with _____ are at greater risk of experiencing a painless AMI, with shortness of breath being the only clinical symptom

A

diabetes

83
Q

TX for what disease?

Catheter-based coronary revascularization

Coronary artery bypass grafting

A

AMI, ischemic heart disease

84
Q

TX for what disease?

Sublingual nitroglycerin

A

AMI

85
Q

TX for what disease?

Aspirin (long term TX)

A

AMI

86
Q

TX for what disease?

Thrombolytic therapy

A

AMI

87
Q

TX for what disease?

Beta-andrenergic blockers
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

A

AMI & systemic hypertension

88
Q

TX for what disease?

Catheter-based coronary revascularization

Coronary artery bypass grafting

A

AMI, ischemic heart disease

89
Q

These are used for

A

AMI

90
Q

Management of infarct size can be done by

A

sublingual nitroglycerine

91
Q

_____ levels can predict myocardial infarction risk

A

CPR plasma

92
Q

No signs are present for ____ until _____

A

carotid artery stenosis, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or stroke

93
Q

Pathophysiology of what disease?

atherosclerosis and dissection of carotid artery leading to narrowing and ultimately decreased blood flow to the brain.

A

carotid artery stenosis

94
Q

Pathophysiology of what disease?

Atherosclerosis of carotid artery causes formation of emboli (plaque break off or blood clot) that travels to brain or eye

A

carotid artery stenosis

95
Q

reduction of blood flow through carotid artery results in

A

cerebral ischemia

96
Q

No signs are present for ____ until _____

A

carotid artery stenosis, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or stroke

97
Q

Name the tier 2 condition of the vasculature:

A
  1. Vertibrobasilar insufficiency

2. Peripheral vascular disease

98
Q

Tier 1 conditions of the vasculature:

A
  1. Artherosclerosis
  2. Systemic Hypertension
  3. Ischemic heart disease
  4. Acute myocardial infraction
  5. Carotid artery disease
99
Q

Ischemic heart disease

and carotid artery disease are tier:

A

1

100
Q

Systemic hypertension and artherosclerosis are tier:

A

1

101
Q

These are signs of what disease?

Hemiplegia: paralysis of one side of body
Hemianethesia: cant feel ones side of body
Homonymous: affecting the same part of the same visual field of each eye
Hemianopsia: less vision or blindness (anopsia) in half the visual field
Aphasia: loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

A

TIA

102
Q

Detection of what disease?

carotid doppler/duplex-ultrasonography to see thickness of plaque

A

TIA

103
Q

Angiogram is used to detect

A

TIA

104
Q

Neovascularization of the iris is known as? Caused by what disease

A

Rubeosis iridis, TIA

105
Q

Thrombosis, stenosis, and dissection of the vascular system are checked when patients complain of

A

transient monocular blur-out of vision or fleeting moments of monocular “dimming”

106
Q

Pharmacological blood thinning agents (such as aspirin), placement of stents within lumen of vessels are treatments for

A

Prestroke carotid artery stenosis in TIA

107
Q

Balloon angioplasty surgical approach is used for

A

removing unwanted atherosclerotic plaques (carotid endarterectomy)

Clinical Medicine (7 decks)

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