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Abdomen 3 > Vascular Disease > Flashcards

Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal flow in the prox and distal aorta?

A

Prox: moderate resistance
Distal: high resistance

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2
Q

What is normal flow in the renal arteries?

A

Low resistance

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3
Q

What is normal flow in the SMA?

A

Pre-prandial: high resistance

Post-prandial: low resistance

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4
Q

What is normal flow in the portal veins?

A

Hepatopetal, monophasic with slight undulations

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5
Q

What is normal flow in the hepatic veins?

A

Phasic (influenced by respiration) and pulsatile (influenced by cardiac cycle)

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6
Q

What is normal flow in the IVC?

A

Phasic and saw tooth pattern

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7
Q

What are normal measurements for prox and distal aorta? What is considered aneurysmal?

A

Prox: 2-2.5cm
Distal: 1.5cm
Aneurismal: >3cm

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8
Q

What is normal IVC measurement?

A

<25mm

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9
Q

What is a true aortic aneurysm vs ectasia?

A

True: >3cm and all wall layers involved
Ectasia: slight widening up to 3 cm

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10
Q

Where on the aorta do aneurysms mostly occur?

A

Below the renal vessels

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11
Q

What type of aortic aneurysm is most common?

A

Fusiform

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12
Q

What measurement of AAA indicates surgery imperative?

A

5-6cm

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13
Q

What is the most common complication of AAA? Most critical?

A

Stenosis/occlusion

Rupture: most critical

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14
Q

What splanchnic/mesenteric aneurysm is first and second most common?

A

Splenic is most commonly affected, followed by hepatic

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of aortic dissection and which is most common?

A
  1. Ao arch and moving down AO
  2. Marfan’s- ascending AO only
  3. Descending AO after origin of LT subclavian- most common
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of pseudoaneurysms?

A

Failed graft/post angiogram

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17
Q

What is an AV fistula and how does the blood flow in one?

A

Abnormal communication between an artery and a vein, blood flows from high pressure to low (artery to vein)

18
Q

Where is renal artery stenosis commonly originating and what is it associated with?

A

Associated with uncontrollable hypertension and is usually at origin from AO or close to

19
Q

What 4 things do we look for when assessing the IVC?

A
  1. Changes with respiration
  2. Compressibility
  3. Echo free lumen
  4. Patency
20
Q

What is the most common cause of a dilated IVC?

A

Right ventricular failure

21
Q

What is the most common metastatic tumour of the IVC?

A

RCC

22
Q

What is the most common abnormality of the IVC?

A

IVC thrombosis

23
Q

Briefly describe the 3 congenital abnormalities of the IVC

A
  1. Transposition: IVC starts on the LT side and drains into LT renal and becomes RT IVC
  2. Duplication: 2 IVC’s up to the renal vein
  3. Azygous Continuation: hepatic part of the IVC did not develop, blood drains into the Azygous system which drains into the SVC
24
Q

Passive edema of the liver secondary to vascular congestion and related to heart failure

A

Hepatic congestion

25
Q

What are the 2 major types of portal hypertension?

A
  1. Presinusoidal

2. Intrahepatic

26
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of presinusoidal portal hypertension?

A
  1. Extrahepatic

2. Intrahepatic

27
Q

What is the most common cause of intrahepatic portal hypertension?

A

Cirrhosis

28
Q

What are 3 signs of intrahepatic portal hypertension?

A

Ascites, splenomegaly, collaterals

29
Q

What is the upper limit of normal for MPV?

A

<13mm

30
Q

What are the sonographic signs of portal HTN?

A
  • dilated PV in early stages
  • collateral flow
  • patent umbilical vein
  • ascites
  • splenomegaly
  • PV flow monophasic -> biphasic -> hepatofugal
31
Q

What collateral is the most dangerous?

A

Gastroesophageal

32
Q

What is the most common treatment for portal HTN?

A

Portosystemic shunts

33
Q

What is TIPS?

A

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

34
Q

What can be associated with portal vein thrombosis?

A

Cavernous transformation (“can of worms”)

35
Q

What is Budd-Chiari syndrome?

A

Obstruction of the hepatic veins (varying degree)

36
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Sudden loss of blood supply

37
Q

What is a splenic infarct?

A

Caused by occlusion of the SA, appears as a hypoechoic, wedge shaped/round area

38
Q

What is the Sonographic appearance of renal infarctions?

A

Early: hypoechoic
Resolving: echogenic

39
Q

What disease is strongly associated with typical AAA?

A

Atherosclerosis

40
Q

What is the most common primary tumour of the IVC?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

Abdomen 3 (8 decks)

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