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Cell Bio Exam 3 > Vascular Biology III > Flashcards

Vascular Biology III Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the wall of the blood vessel respond to changes in stress?

A

Changes in stress drive transformational changes in the wall of the blood vessel to normalize wall stress

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2
Q

What happens to stress with elevated blood pressure or increased flow?

A

Increase in vascular wall stress

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3
Q

What happens to stress with a drop in blood pressure or decreased flow?

A

Decrease in vascular wall stress

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4
Q

Does the response to pressure depend on the position of the blood vessel in arterial heirarchy?

A

YES

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5
Q

What is the change in response to high flow?

A

Increase in the outside diameter and an increase in luminal diameter

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6
Q

What is the change in response to low flow?

A

Decrease in the outside diameter and a decrease in luminal diameter

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7
Q

How do large arteries respond to an increase in pressure?

A

Outward hypertrophy

vessel becomes larger in diameter as wall becomes thicker and diameter of lumen remains unchanged

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8
Q

How do small arteries respond to an increase in pressure?

A

Inward hypertrophy

outside diameter remains unchanged as wall becomes thicker and diameter of the lumen decreases

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9
Q

How do arterioles respond to an increase in pressure? (3 ways)

A 
1) inward hypertrophy
OR
2) inward (eutrophic) remodeling
OR 
3) rarefaction
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10
Q

Describe inward remodeling?

A

wall thickness and wall diameter decrease due to prolonged stimulation by NE and ANG II which induces activation of ROS dependent activation of MMPs

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11
Q

What is rarefaction?

A

vessels disappear

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12
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

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13
Q

Which layer of the heat corresponds to the tunica intima of blood vessels?

A

Endocardium

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14
Q

What layer of blood vessels does the myocardium correspond to?

A

Tunica media

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15
Q

What layer of the heart does the tunica adventitia correspond to?

A

Epicardium

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16
Q

What are the three types of cardiocytes found in myocardium?

A

1) Contractile
2) Myoendocrine
3) Specialized conductive

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17
Q

What are the four layers of the endocardium?

A

1) Endothelium and its basal lamina
2) Subendothelial layer
3) Myoelastic layer
4) Subendocardium

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18
Q

What type of cells are found in the endothelium of the endocardium ?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What is found in the myoelastic layer of the endocardium?

A

elastic and collagen fibers

smooth muscle cells

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20
Q

Name the four components of the subendocardium of the endocardium?

A

1) loose connective tissue
2) small blood vessels
3) nerve fibers
4) Purkinje cells or fibers (ventricles only)

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21
Q

Where are Purkinje cells found?

A

Subendocardium layer of endocardium in ventricles

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22
Q

What are the secretions of the myoendocrine?

A

Atrial natriuretic factor and B type natriuretic factor (ventricles)

Results in diuresis and vasodilation

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23
Q

What is elevated in CHF?

A

B type natriuretic factor is elevated in CHF

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24
Q

What are the layers of the epicardium?

A

Mesothelium and basal lamina

Subepicardium

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25
Q

What type of cells would you find in the mesothelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium

26
Q

What is the dense connective tissue where cardiac muscle and valves are anchored?

A

Cardiac Skeleton

27
Q

What are the structures of the cardiac skeleton?

A

annuli fibrosa
trigona fibrosa
septum membranaceum

28
Q

What are the cardiac valves composed of?

A

three major layers sandwiched between layers of endothelium

29
Q

What are the layers of the AV valves?

A

Atrialis
Spongiosa
Fibrosa

30
Q

Describe the atrialis layer of the AV valve.

A

Layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of the atrial surface

31
Q

What is the purpose of the atrialis.

A

Help to contract valve

32
Q

Which layer of the AV valve serves as a shock absorber?

A

Spongiosa

33
Q

Describe the spongiosa layer of AV valve?

A

middle layer of loose CT that serves as a shock absorber

34
Q

Where is the fibrosa layer of AV located?

A

subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface

35
Q

What layer of the AV valves and pulmonic valves serves as mechanical integrity?

A

the core of denser irregular collagenous tissue known as the fibrosa

36
Q

What are the three layers of the semilunar valves?

A

Fibrosa
Spongiosa
Ventricularis

37
Q

Which is the middle layer of the semilunar valves?

A

spongiosa

38
Q

Where is the fibrosa layer located in the semilunar valves?

A

subjacent to the endothelium of aortic or pulmonic surface

39
Q

Describe the ventriuclaris layer of the semilunar valves.

A

Layer of elastic and collagen tissue subjacent to endothelium of ventricular surface

40
Q

Do cusps receive blood supply?

A

NO
cusps are generally avascular

BUT base of cusp contains small blood vessels and smooth muscle

41
Q

What is the most common cause of mitral valve prolapse?

A

Myxomatous degeneration of AV valve

due to increased deposition of dermatan sulfate leading to a “FLOPPY VALVE”

42
Q

Which valves have a larger fibrosa layer and why?

A

Semilunar valves because the pressure difference is greater than in AV valves

43
Q

In which patients does calcified degeneration of the aortic valve most often occur?

A

most often occurs in patients with atherosclerotic risk factors

44
Q

Is the conduction tissue of the heart nerve tissue?

A

NO

it is specialized cardiac muscle cells

45
Q

Which cells are larger: SA node cells or atrial muscle cells?

A

Atrial muscle cells

SA node cells also contain fewer myofibrils

46
Q

What is responsible for the decrease in resting heart rate seen with aging?

A

Humans lose 90% of their SA nodal cells by the age of 80

This reduction explains the decrease in resting heart rate as we age due to a slowing of conduction velocity and voltage loss

47
Q

What type of cells are found in the AV bundle/bundle of His?

A

Pukinje cells traveling in the endocardium

48
Q

How are purkinje cells connected to the muscle cells?

A

gap junctions

49
Q

Describe purkinje cells.

A

1) Twice the diameter of cardiac muscle cells.
2) Few myofibrils
3) Abundant glycogen
4) 1 or 2 nuclei per cell

50
Q

Do cardiomyocytes regenerate?

A

YES

the entire muscle mass of the heart regenerates 11-15 times in a lifetime

51
Q

Where are cardiac stem cells (CSC) and early committed cells (ECC) located?

A

CSCs and ECCs have been identified in the AV sulcus

They can migrate from AV sulcus to the site of injury

52
Q

Can necrotic myocardium be reconstituted?

A

Animal studies have shown that CSCs and ECCs can be activated to reconstitute necrotic myocardium

53
Q

What can CSCs and ECCs differentiate into?

A

cardiomyocytes
smooth muscle cells
endothelial cells

54
Q

What does the lymphatic vascular system empty into?

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

eventually left subclavian vein

55
Q

Describe a lymphatic capillary.

A

Thin blind-ended vessel
Lined by a single layer of endothelial cells
Have anchoring microfibrils

56
Q

Do lymphatic capillaries have a basal lamina?

A

Basal lamina is incomplete or absent

57
Q

Do lymphatic capillaries have pericytes or smooth muscle cells?

A

pericytes and smooth muscle cells are absent

58
Q

How do lymph vessels compare to veins?

A

Both have valves
No RBCs in lymph
Lymph have thinner walls

59
Q

Can smooth muscle be found around lymph vessels?

A

YES

around the bigger vessels and medium-sized vessels

60
Q

What is LYVE-1?

A

A specific lymphatic endothelial marker which can be used as a prognostic indicator for malignant spread of tumors

61
Q

What causes mitral valve vegetations and Aschoff body formation?

A

Rheumatic fever caused by streptococcal pharyngitis

These morphologic changes are due to antibodies cross-reacting with self-antigens in the heart and T cell-mediated reactions

62
Q

What is an Aschoff body?

A

A focus of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages

Cell Bio Exam 3 (11 decks)

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