Exocrine Glands

Question 1

From which of the four basic types of tissues are exocrine and endocrine glands derived from?

Answer 1

epithelium

Question 2

What type of gland is connected to the external surface via a duct system?

Answer 2

exocrine

Question 3

What type of gland loses the connection to the surface epithelium?

Answer 3

endocrine. these glands will be vascularized where they can secrete their products (hormones) and deliver to circulation

Question 4

What kind of cells can be found in exocrine glands?

Answer 4

there are secretory cells that produce secretions and a duct system that secrets the product

Question 5

What are adenomas and adenocarcinomas?

Answer 5

tumors from glands

Question 6

Which of the two types of glandular tumors is malignant and which is benign?

Answer 6

• adenocarcinomas are malignant

- adenomas are benign

Question 7

In a micrograph, how will you be able to tell the difference between a benign gland versus a malignant gland?

Answer 7

benign glands will have a lighter color while the malignant glands have a much darker color

Question 8

How are exocrine glands classified?

Answer 8

type of secretion
mode of secretion
cell numbers

Question 9

What are the 4 types of secretions for exocrine glands?

Answer 9

serous
mucus
mixed
sebaceous

Question 10

What are the 3 mode of secretions of exocrine glands?

Answer 10

merocrine (most common)
apocrine
holocrine

Question 11

What does it mean to classify exocrine glands by cell numbers?

Answer 11

unicellular versus multicelluar

Question 12

What are mucinogens? What do they form when they are hydrated?

Answer 12

• large, glycosylated proteins

- when hydrated, they form a thick protective fluid called mucin

Question 13

Mucin is a component of what?

Answer 13

mucus

Question 14

What do mucous cells contain?

Answer 14

mucous cells contain mucus, which contains mucin, which is hydrated mucinogens

Question 15

Where will you find the nuclei of mucous cells?

Answer 15

they are pushed down to the basal side of the cell because the mucous is at the apical portion

Question 16

What kind of stain would you use to identify mucus in mucus-containing cells such as goblet cells?

Answer 16

PAS (mucinogens are glycosylated)

- look for the magenta color

Question 17

What are serous cells? What are some examples?

Answer 17

watery secretion enriched with enzymes. parotid and exocrine pancreas

Question 18

What does it mean by mixed exocrine glands?What are some examples?

Answer 18

mixed serous and mucous

submandibular and sublingual glands

Question 19

Looking at a micrograph of mixed exocrine glands, how do you tell the difference between serous and mucous cells?

Answer 19

• mucous cells are light-staining due to the mucus. The nuclei are flat and are pushed to the basal portion of the cells
• serous cells are darker staining, cytoplasm is intensely acidophilic, nuclei are spherical

Question 20

Hair follicles have what type of exocrine glands attached to them?

Answer 20

sebaceous glands (all hair follicles are associated with sebaceous glands. BUT not all sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles)

Question 21

What do sebaceous glands look like in a micrograph? How do you distinguish between sebaceous and mucous?

Answer 21

clear cytoplasm just like mucous cells, but the nucleus is spherical and centrally located. nuclei found in mucous cells do not have these characteristics

Question 22

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

Answer 22

waxy, oily substance called sebum

Question 23

When do sebaceous glands begin to function?

Answer 23

at puberty under the influence of sex hormones

Question 24

What is acne vulgaris?

Answer 24

acne develops when the hair shaft has penetrated the hair follicle, giving off an inflammatory and fibrotic response

Question 25

In a micrograph, how would you tell acne vulgaris is taking place (3 things)?

Answer 25

1) inflammatory cells will be present (stained blue) 2) giant cells (due to chronic inflammatory state) 3) acidophilic collagen (causes fibrosis- disfiguration can occur)

Question 26

Briefly describe merocrine secretion

Answer 26

products are secreted via exocytosis, no loss of secretory cell

Question 27

Briefly describe holocrine secretion

Answer 27

loss of the entire cell (containing secretory products). mitosis occur to replace the lost cells not common, ex. sebaceous gland

Question 28

Briefly describe apocrine secretion

Answer 28

loss of apical domain of the cell (containing secretory products) not common, ex. mammary gland

Question 29

How are lipids secreted in lactating mammary glands?

Answer 29

via apocrine secretion

Question 30

What is the difference between simple and compound glands?

Answer 30

- simple has a single, unbranched excretory duct | - compound have branching ducts that converge to form a single duct

Question 31

What are the two types of morphology in secretory units?

Answer 31

tubular or alveolar | they can be branched but with a single duct or no excretory duct

Question 32

What are the different types of simple glands (4)?

Answer 32

1) simple tubular (with or without duct) 2) simple coiled tubular 3) simple tubular branched 4) simple acinar or alveolar

Question 33

What are the different branching pattern of compound glands (3)?

Answer 33

1) branched tubular 2) branched acinar/ alveolar 3) branched tubuloacinar

Question 34

What is an example of unicellular gland?

Answer 34

goblet cell

Question 35

Are mucous cells unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 35

they form a multicellular glandular sheet

Question 36

Large multicellular glands are divided into...

Answer 36

lobes and lobules

Question 37

Describe the relationship between lobe, lobules, intralobules, and interlobules

Answer 37

Multiple lobes are located in a large multicellular gland, within a lobe there are lobules. Ducts found within the lobules are intralobules. Ducts found in between lobules in the connective tissue are interlobules

Question 38

What are the 2 different types of ducts found in intralobules?

Answer 38

1) intercalated duct (flattened cuboidal cells - wider than they are tall) 2) striated duct (acidophilic striations)

Question 39

How do you confirm the epithelial lineage of myoepithelial cells?

Answer 39

presence of cytokeratin

Question 40

How do you tell for sure it's a striated duct in a micrograph?

Answer 40

acidophilic striations due to the mitochondria, | nuclei are pushed toward the apical domain (toward lumen), basal domain is acidophilic, columnar shape

Question 41

What is a serous demilune?

Answer 41

it's an artifact found in traditional fixation. it's a cap of serous cells surrounding mucous cells (normally serous cells are mixed in with mucous cells)

Question 42

What type of glandular arrangement do parotid glands have?

Answer 42

compound acinar | purely serous

Question 43

What type of glandular arrangement do submandibular glands have?

Answer 43

compound tubuloacinar | serous mixed with mucous, but primarily serous; serous cells exist as demilune cells in conventional fixation

Question 44

What type of glandular arrangement do sublingual glands have?

Answer 44

compound tubuloacinar | mixed with serous cells but primarily mucous, serous cells exist as demilune cells in conventional fixation

Question 45

Sjogren syndrome

Answer 45

autoimmune disease involving salivary and lacrimal glands that typically occur in women. they become fibrotic and enlarge

Question 46

What type of glandular arrangement do pancreas glands have?

Answer 46

compound acinar cells | centracinar cells, intercalated ducts, DO NOT have striated ducts