Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Bio Exam 3 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the integument?

A

skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails

largest organ system of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What’s the function of skin?

A 
protection
regulation of body temperature
reception
absorption
excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is thick skin?

A 
part of the epidermis
covers palms and soles - do not have hair follicles
sweat glands are present
no sebaceous glands
no erector pilae muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is thin skin?

A

part of the epidermis
covers most of the body
contain hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and erector pilae muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

epidermis

dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of epithelium is in the epidermis?

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes (most common)

non-keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are epidermal ridges?

A

the epidermis have folds that extend down into the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are dermal papilla?

A

the dermis have projections into the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the purpose of ridges and papilla?

A

to increase surface area and to ensure both the epidermis and dermis stay together (prevent slippage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the basal cells in the epidermis and what’s their significance?

A

the layer of epidermal cells where the epidermis meets the dermis (also called stratum basale). it is the area of intense mitotic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe what happens as cells migrate from stratum basale to the surface of the skin

A

as cells migrate they acquire more keratin, become keratinized, die and slough off (about 20-30 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different types of non-keratinocytes that are found in the epidermis?

A

Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Langerhan cells derived from?

A

precursors in the bone marrow travel in the bloodstream and take up residence in the epidermis where they differentiate into Langerhan cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the function of Langerhan cells?

A

they are antigen-presenting dendritic cells

they phagocytize foreign bodies, process them and present them to immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What layer do Langerhan cells mostly reside?

A

mostly in stratum spinosum and some in superficial dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How would Langerhan cells look in a micrograph?

A

pale cytoplasm that appear as a halo around cells, cytoplasmic processes that extend into the extracellular space of neighboring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In an EM of Langerhan cells, what can be seen?

A

membrane-bound Birbeck granules

these cells have a rod (with Birbeck granules) and a vesicle. Together the cells look like a tennis racket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

found among keratinocytes of stratum basale

numerous in fingertips and base of hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s the function of Merkel cells?

A

they are mechanoreceptors that convey tactile sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Merkel cell-neurite complexes?

A

formed from unmyelinated nerve terminals approaching Merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are Merkel cells attach to keratinocytes

A

via desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

stratum basale and superficial dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What's the function of melanocytes?
synthesize the pigment melanin and distribute to neighboring keratinocytes the melanin provide UV protection for DNA of the skin (sun umbrellas)
26
Briefly describe the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes
1) tyrosinase is synthesized in RER 2) the enzyme is packaged by the Golgi and into membrane vesicles called melanosomes 3) melanosomes uptake tyrosine in the cytoplasm and tyrosinase inside then converts it into melanin
27
What are melanin granules?
1) melanosomes that have become dark from the synthesis of melanin 2) no longer have tyrosinase activity 3) end up in the cytoplasmic processes of melanocytes
28
Describe how melanocytes distribute melanin
the cytoplasmic processes (packed with melanin granules containing melanin) extend into the stratum spinosum where the melanin granules will be released in vesicles the granules then surround the nucleus of the neighboring cells, acting like sun umbrellas to provide natural UV protection
29
What is pigmentation of the skin due to? Briefly describe how these factors differ in a darker individual versus a lighter individual
the number of melanocytes in everyone (regardless of race) are the same pigmentation of the skin is due to tyrosinase activity, number of melanin granules, size, distribution, and rate of breakdown. for darker individuals: tyrosinase activity will be increased; number of melanin granules are more abundant; size of melanin granules are bigger; distribution of granules are more scattered versus in the nucleus, the rate of breakdown is much slower compared to lighter individuals
30
What is vitiligo?
depigmentation in part of the skin due to decreased or complete loss of melanocytes
31
What is albinism?
absence or defective tyrosinase, can't make melanin, no skin pigment **melanocytes are present!
32
What are some causes of malignant melanoma?
hereditary light skin excessive sunlight
33
How is ABCDE used in the diagnosis of melanoma?
``` A - appearance B - Border (irregular, contour, lesions with a lot of notches and dimples) C - Color (irregular, pigmentation) D - Diameter E - Evolution (changes) ```
34
What does strata mean?
layers
35
What are the layers of the epidermis?
``` From top to bottom: Stratum Corneum Stratum Luicidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale (Germinativum) (Come, Let's Get Sun Burned!) ```
36
What kind of cells are in stratum basale?
single layer of columnar cells
37
What type of cell junctions are found in the stratum basale?
cells of this layer are attached to neighboring cells via desmosomes cell of this layer is attached the basement membrane via hemidesmosomes
38
What's the function of stratum basale?
cell renewal/ degermation of epidermis anchoring epidermis to underlying dermis
39
Briefly describe basal cell carcinoma
chronic sun exposure (usually on top of the head or places where skin is constantly exposed to sun) Pearly papule - arise from cells found in stratum basale these lesions can contain their own blood vessels - subepidermal blood vessels
40
What's the function of stratum spinosum?
binding and protection
41
Briefly describe stratum spinosum
thick, prominent stratum | cells have interdigitating processes (intercellular bridges) with desmosomes
42
What kind of appearance do stratum spinosum have?
spiny due to the intercellular bridges between neighboring cells look like railroad tracks
43
What are tonofilaments?
intermediate filaments (cytokeratin) located in the periphery of cells and in the interdigitating process (stratum spinosum)
44
Describe the cells found in stratum granulosum
cells have nuclei but they are fragmented, DNA is breaking down and the cells appear apoptotic
45
What are keratohyalin granules?
found in stratum granulosum | consist of soft keratin (proteins)
46
What's the significance of membrane-coating granules found in stratum granulosum?
(also known as lamellar bodies) exocytosis of lipid-rich substance to form sheets of waterproof material, forms a permeability barrier and prevents diffusion of nutrients in extracellular space to reach the cells this causes the cells to die
47
Briefly describe stratum lucidum
subdivision of stratum corneum, a light-staining layer, not very visible in thin skin no organelles or nuclei, nonviable cells contain keratin filaments
48
Describe the stratum corneum
very thick in thick skin and thin in thin skin layer of dead cellular material lots of keratin (protective material)
49
Which layer of the epidermis is waterproof?
stratum granulosum
50
Which two layers are hardly visible in thin skin?
stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum, but they are present
51
Which layer of the epidermis are cells proliferating?
stratum basale (germinativum)
52
What is ichthyosis?
hyperkeratosis (excessive keratin buildup) fish-like scales cannot be sloughed off
53
What is the dermis layer of skin?
connective tissue layer
54
Which layer is the most superficial layer of the dermis? Briefly describe its significance
papillary layer, extends into the dermal papilla made up of loose connective tissue function to protect body from invasion by microorganisms
55
What is displayed in areas that are subject to increased mechanical stress?
prominent epidermal ridges, dermal papillae and true dermal ridges
56
What are true dermal ridges?
oriented parallel to and lie in between dermal papillae this layer is genetically unique where the patterns of fingerprints and footprints are displayed
57
What are the two layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular layers
58
Briefly describe the reticular layer
provides tensile strength through elastic fibers and collagen bundles thickest layer of dermis
59
What can be found in the dermis?
ducts of sweat glands portions of hair follicles sebaceous glands
60
What is hypodermis?
layer underneath the dermis also known as superficial fascia contain some adipose tissue NOT part of the skin
61
What receptors are found in the skin (4)?
Free nerve endings Pacinian corpuscles Meissner's corpuscles Krause end bulbs
62
What's the function of free nerve endings found in the skin?
pain and temperature
63
What's the function of Pacinian corpuscles?
detect pressure and vibrations
64
What's the function of Meissner's corpuscles?
meachanoreceptors for discriminatory, fine touch (found in dermal papilla)
65
What's the function of Krause end bulbs?
not sure
66
What are the two types of sweat glands found in our body?
apocrine | eccrine
67
What are eccrine sweat glands?
ordinary sweat glands that are activated in heat or exercise, found in most skin
68
How do eccrine sweat glands work?
merocine secretory method they squirt their products onto the skin (expulsion) myoepithelial cells assist in the secretory process of sweat (product)
69
What type of arrangement do eccrine sweat glands have?
simple coiled tubular gland
70
What innervates eccrine sweat glands?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
71
How are myoepithelial cells arranged in eccrine sweat gland as seen in a micrograph?
they surround the secretory portion to squeeze out the secretory product
72
Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
axilla, areola of nipple, and in the anal region (the A's)
73
What method are products excreted from apocrine glands?
merocrine
74
What innervates apocrine glands?
sympathetic nervous system
75
How do eccrine and apocrine sweat glands compare in appearance?
apocrine glands have a large lumen thus they produce large amounts of sweat
76
When do sebaceous glands excrete their product?
induced by hormones
77
What method do sebaceous glands use to excrete products?
holocrine
78
In a micrograph of sebaceous gland, how will mature cells look compared to immature cells?
mature cells are full of sebum so they will lighter staining smaller, immature cells are dark purple
79
What are the different layers of a hair follicle?
``` hair bulb (base) medulla cortex cuticle internal root sheath **external root sheath is not part of hair (cells outside of internal root sheath) glassy membrane connective tissue ```
80
What does the hair bulb enclose?
dermal papilla
81
Which of the different parts of a hair follicle is keratinized?
medulla is moderately keratinized, cortex and cuticle are keratinized, internal root sheath also has some keratinization
82
What is arrector pili muscle?
smooth muscle attached to hair follicle midway, obliquely, sort of cradles sebaceous gland
83
What is the nail plate and what does it rest on?
dense keratinized plate | rests on nail bed
84
What type of epithelium is the nail bed?
stratified squamous epithelium
85
What is the nail matrix?
epithelium under nail root
86
Where does nail growth occur?
nail matrix
87
What is eponychium?
cuticle that consists of stratum corneum

Cell Bio Exam 3 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions