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Cell Bio Exam 3 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in the integument?

A

skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails

largest organ system of the body

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2
Q

What’s the function of skin?

A 
protection
regulation of body temperature
reception
absorption
excretion
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3
Q

What is thick skin?

A 
part of the epidermis
covers palms and soles - do not have hair follicles
sweat glands are present
no sebaceous glands
no erector pilae muscles
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4
Q

What is thin skin?

A

part of the epidermis
covers most of the body
contain hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and erector pilae muscles

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5
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

epidermis

dermis

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is in the epidermis?

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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7
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes (most common)

non-keratinocytes

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8
Q

What are epidermal ridges?

A

the epidermis have folds that extend down into the dermis

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9
Q

What are dermal papilla?

A

the dermis have projections into the epidermis

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10
Q

What’s the purpose of ridges and papilla?

A

to increase surface area and to ensure both the epidermis and dermis stay together (prevent slippage)

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11
Q

What are the basal cells in the epidermis and what’s their significance?

A

the layer of epidermal cells where the epidermis meets the dermis (also called stratum basale). it is the area of intense mitotic activity

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12
Q

Describe what happens as cells migrate from stratum basale to the surface of the skin

A

as cells migrate they acquire more keratin, become keratinized, die and slough off (about 20-30 days)

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13
Q

What are the different types of non-keratinocytes that are found in the epidermis?

A

Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Melanocytes

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14
Q

What are Langerhan cells derived from?

A

precursors in the bone marrow travel in the bloodstream and take up residence in the epidermis where they differentiate into Langerhan cells

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15
Q

What’s the function of Langerhan cells?

A

they are antigen-presenting dendritic cells

they phagocytize foreign bodies, process them and present them to immune cells

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16
Q

What layer do Langerhan cells mostly reside?

A

mostly in stratum spinosum and some in superficial dermis

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17
Q

How would Langerhan cells look in a micrograph?

A

pale cytoplasm that appear as a halo around cells, cytoplasmic processes that extend into the extracellular space of neighboring cells

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18
Q

In an EM of Langerhan cells, what can be seen?

A

membrane-bound Birbeck granules

these cells have a rod (with Birbeck granules) and a vesicle. Together the cells look like a tennis racket

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19
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

found among keratinocytes of stratum basale

numerous in fingertips and base of hair follicles

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20
Q

What’s the function of Merkel cells?

A

they are mechanoreceptors that convey tactile sensory

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21
Q

What are Merkel cell-neurite complexes?

A

formed from unmyelinated nerve terminals approaching Merkel cells

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22
Q

How are Merkel cells attach to keratinocytes

A

via desmosomes

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23
Q

What are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest cells

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24
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

stratum basale and superficial dermis

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25
Q

What’s the function of melanocytes?

A

synthesize the pigment melanin and distribute to neighboring keratinocytes
the melanin provide UV protection for DNA of the skin (sun umbrellas)

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26
Q

Briefly describe the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes

A

1) tyrosinase is synthesized in RER
2) the enzyme is packaged by the Golgi and into membrane vesicles called melanosomes
3) melanosomes uptake tyrosine in the cytoplasm and tyrosinase inside then converts it into melanin

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27
Q

What are melanin granules?

A

1) melanosomes that have become dark from the synthesis of melanin
2) no longer have tyrosinase activity
3) end up in the cytoplasmic processes of melanocytes

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28
Q

Describe how melanocytes distribute melanin

A

the cytoplasmic processes (packed with melanin granules containing melanin) extend into the stratum spinosum where the melanin granules will be released in vesicles

the granules then surround the nucleus of the neighboring cells, acting like sun umbrellas to provide natural UV protection

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29
Q

What is pigmentation of the skin due to? Briefly describe how these factors differ in a darker individual versus a lighter individual

A

the number of melanocytes in everyone (regardless of race) are the same

pigmentation of the skin is due to tyrosinase activity, number of melanin granules, size, distribution, and rate of breakdown.

for darker individuals: tyrosinase activity will be increased; number of melanin granules are more abundant; size of melanin granules are bigger; distribution of granules are more scattered versus in the nucleus, the rate of breakdown is much slower compared to lighter individuals

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30
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

depigmentation in part of the skin due to decreased or complete loss of melanocytes

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31
Q

What is albinism?

A

absence or defective tyrosinase, can’t make melanin, no skin pigment
**melanocytes are present!

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32
Q

What are some causes of malignant melanoma?

A

hereditary
light skin
excessive sunlight

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33
Q

How is ABCDE used in the diagnosis of melanoma?

A 
A - appearance
B - Border (irregular, contour, lesions with a lot of notches and dimples)
C - Color (irregular, pigmentation)
D - Diameter
E - Evolution (changes)
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34
Q

What does strata mean?

A

layers

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35
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A 
From top to bottom:
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Luicidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
(Come, Let's Get Sun Burned!)
36
Q

What kind of cells are in stratum basale?

A

single layer of columnar cells

37
Q

What type of cell junctions are found in the stratum basale?

A

cells of this layer are attached to neighboring cells via desmosomes

cell of this layer is attached the basement membrane via hemidesmosomes

38
Q

What’s the function of stratum basale?

A

cell renewal/ degermation of epidermis

anchoring epidermis to underlying dermis

39
Q

Briefly describe basal cell carcinoma

A

chronic sun exposure (usually on top of the head or places where skin is constantly exposed to sun)

Pearly papule - arise from cells found in stratum basale

these lesions can contain their own blood vessels - subepidermal blood vessels

40
Q

What’s the function of stratum spinosum?

A

binding and protection

41
Q

Briefly describe stratum spinosum

A

thick, prominent stratum

cells have interdigitating processes (intercellular bridges) with desmosomes

42
Q

What kind of appearance do stratum spinosum have?

A

spiny due to the intercellular bridges between neighboring cells
look like railroad tracks

43
Q

What are tonofilaments?

A

intermediate filaments (cytokeratin) located in the periphery of cells and in the interdigitating process (stratum spinosum)

44
Q

Describe the cells found in stratum granulosum

A

cells have nuclei but they are fragmented, DNA is breaking down and the cells appear apoptotic

45
Q

What are keratohyalin granules?

A

found in stratum granulosum

consist of soft keratin (proteins)

46
Q

What’s the significance of membrane-coating granules found in stratum granulosum?

A

(also known as lamellar bodies)

exocytosis of lipid-rich substance to form sheets of waterproof material, forms a permeability barrier and prevents diffusion of nutrients in extracellular space to reach the cells

this causes the cells to die

47
Q

Briefly describe stratum lucidum

A

subdivision of stratum corneum, a light-staining layer, not very visible in thin skin

no organelles or nuclei, nonviable cells

contain keratin filaments

48
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

very thick in thick skin and thin in thin skin
layer of dead cellular material
lots of keratin (protective material)

49
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is waterproof?

A

stratum granulosum

50
Q

Which two layers are hardly visible in thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum, but they are present

51
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are cells proliferating?

A

stratum basale (germinativum)

52
Q

What is ichthyosis?

A

hyperkeratosis (excessive keratin buildup)
fish-like scales
cannot be sloughed off

53
Q

What is the dermis layer of skin?

A

connective tissue layer

54
Q

Which layer is the most superficial layer of the dermis? Briefly describe its significance

A

papillary layer, extends into the dermal papilla

made up of loose connective tissue

function to protect body from invasion by microorganisms

55
Q

What is displayed in areas that are subject to increased mechanical stress?

A

prominent epidermal ridges, dermal papillae and true dermal ridges

56
Q

What are true dermal ridges?

A

oriented parallel to and lie in between dermal papillae

this layer is genetically unique where the patterns of fingerprints and footprints are displayed

57
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular layers

58
Q

Briefly describe the reticular layer

A

provides tensile strength through elastic fibers and collagen bundles

thickest layer of dermis

59
Q

What can be found in the dermis?

A

ducts of sweat glands
portions of hair follicles
sebaceous glands

60
Q

What is hypodermis?

A

layer underneath the dermis
also known as superficial fascia
contain some adipose tissue
NOT part of the skin

61
Q

What receptors are found in the skin (4)?

A

Free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Krause end bulbs

62
Q

What’s the function of free nerve endings found in the skin?

A

pain and temperature

63
Q

What’s the function of Pacinian corpuscles?

A

detect pressure and vibrations

64
Q

What’s the function of Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

meachanoreceptors for discriminatory, fine touch (found in dermal papilla)

65
Q

What’s the function of Krause end bulbs?

A

not sure

66
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands found in our body?

A

apocrine

eccrine

67
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands?

A

ordinary sweat glands that are activated in heat or exercise, found in most skin

68
Q

How do eccrine sweat glands work?

A

merocine secretory method

they squirt their products onto the skin (expulsion)

myoepithelial cells assist in the secretory process of sweat (product)

69
Q

What type of arrangement do eccrine sweat glands have?

A

simple coiled tubular gland

70
Q

What innervates eccrine sweat glands?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

71
Q

How are myoepithelial cells arranged in eccrine sweat gland as seen in a micrograph?

A

they surround the secretory portion to squeeze out the secretory product

72
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

axilla, areola of nipple, and in the anal region (the A’s)

73
Q

What method are products excreted from apocrine glands?

A

merocrine

74
Q

What innervates apocrine glands?

A

sympathetic nervous system

75
Q

How do eccrine and apocrine sweat glands compare in appearance?

A

apocrine glands have a large lumen thus they produce large amounts of sweat

76
Q

When do sebaceous glands excrete their product?

A

induced by hormones

77
Q

What method do sebaceous glands use to excrete products?

A

holocrine

78
Q

In a micrograph of sebaceous gland, how will mature cells look compared to immature cells?

A

mature cells are full of sebum so they will lighter staining

smaller, immature cells are dark purple

79
Q

What are the different layers of a hair follicle?

A 
hair bulb (base)
medulla
cortex
cuticle
internal root sheath
**external root sheath is not part of hair (cells outside of internal root sheath)
glassy membrane
connective tissue
80
Q

What does the hair bulb enclose?

A

dermal papilla

81
Q

Which of the different parts of a hair follicle is keratinized?

A

medulla is moderately keratinized, cortex and cuticle are keratinized, internal root sheath also has some keratinization

82
Q

What is arrector pili muscle?

A

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle midway, obliquely, sort of cradles sebaceous gland

83
Q

What is the nail plate and what does it rest on?

A

dense keratinized plate

rests on nail bed

84
Q

What type of epithelium is the nail bed?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

85
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

epithelium under nail root

86
Q

Where does nail growth occur?

A

nail matrix

87
Q

What is eponychium?

A

cuticle that consists of stratum corneum

Cell Bio Exam 3 (11 decks)

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