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Cell Bio Exam 3 > Lymphoid Tissue and Organs > Flashcards

Lymphoid Tissue and Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is our body’s immune/defense system?

A

cells, tissues, and organs that protect our body from antigens, pathogens, bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

What type of cells do lymphatic tissues contain?

A

lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are the two classifications on lymphatic tissues?

A

primary and secondary

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5
Q

What are the two kinds of primary lymphatic tissues?

A

1) bone marrow

2) thymus

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6
Q

What is the function of primary lymphatic tissues?

A

1) they are the site of development and maturation for lymphocytes to become immunocompetent cells (immune school)
2) they provide these immunocompetent cells to secondary lymphatic tissues

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7
Q

What are the three kinds of secondary lymphatic tissues?

A

1) lymph nodes
2) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
3) spleen

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8
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

filter lymph

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9
Q

What’s the function of MALT?

A

surveillance

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10
Q

What’s the function of the spleen?

A

filters blood

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11
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

spleen

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12
Q

What are the 4 varieties of MALT?

A

1) GALT (gut-associated lymphatic tissue)
2) BALT (bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue)
3) GU (genitourinary) tract
4) tonsils

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13
Q

Where is GALT located?

A

lamina propria of GI tract

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14
Q

Where is BALT located?

A

lamina propria of respiratory tract (ie bronchi)

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15
Q

What’s the function of secondary lymphatic tissues?

A

1) battlefield against antigens and pathogens (immunological defense)
2) confrontation with antigens or pathogens occurs here

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16
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

1) Latin for first layer

2) loose connective tissue just inside the epithelium

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17
Q

How are lymphatic tissue present in lamina propria?

A

they are usually in clusters found in lamina propria. As pathogens invade through the epithelium, the lymphocytes in the area mount an attack on the invading pathogens

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18
Q

What are the different cell types found in lymphatic tissue?

A

1) lymphocytes
2) monocytes
3) macrophages
4) plasma cells

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19
Q

What are lymphatic nodules? What are the two types?

A

they are like lymphatic tissues but more complex. there are primary and secondary lymphatic nodules, based entirely on appearance

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20
Q

Presence of secondary nodules are indicative of what?

A

an immune response is occuring

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21
Q

A secondary nodule has which two distinctive areas that can be seen with light microscope?

A

Mantle zone and germinal center

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22
Q

What type of lymphocytes does mantle zone contain?

A

small mature lymphocytes

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23
Q

What type of lymphocytes does germinal center contain?

A

medium and large lymphocytes

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24
Q

What appearance does mantle zone of a secondary lymphatic nodule will have in a micrograph?

A

dark ring that surrounds the germinal center. dark due to the large number of small nuclei per area

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25
Q

What appearance does germinal center of a secondary lymphatic nodule will have in a micrograph?

A

lighter in color and located in the center. this is an area where lots of mitosis and proliferation are occurring

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26
Q

What are temporary lymphatic nodules called?

A

solitary lymphatic nodules

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27
Q

What are permanent lymphatic nodules called?

A

aggregates of lymphatic nodules

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28
Q

What are some examples of permanent lymphatic nodules (6)?

A

1) Peyer’s patches in the ileum
2) lymphatic tissue in the appendix
3) BALT
4) tonsils
5) lymph nodes
6) spleen

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29
Q

Lymphatic nodules are seen in the wall of the colon, are they temporary or permanent?

A

they are solitary lymphatic nodules so temporary

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30
Q

Are lymphatic tissues in the appendix temporary or permanent?

A

permanent; they are an example of lymphatic nodule aggregates

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31
Q

What type of lymphatic nodules are tonsils?

A

permanent, aggregates of lymphatic nodules

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32
Q

What type of lymphocytes are in tonsils?

A

B lymphocytes

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33
Q

What are the three major types of tonsils?

A

1) pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
2) palatine tonssils
3) lingual tonsils

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34
Q

Where is pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

wall of the nasopharynx

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35
Q

What type of epithelium does pharyngeal tonsil have?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory)

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36
Q

Where can you find palatine tonsils?

A

in the oropharynx, on either side (say “uh”)

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37
Q

Where can find lingual tonsils?

A

bumps found on the posterior/dorsal portion of the tongue

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38
Q

What type of epithelium do lingual tonsils have?

A

stratified squamous, non-keratinized

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39
Q

Briefly describe the epithelium of palatine tonsils

A

infiltrated by many B lymphocytes and dives into crypts

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40
Q

What are crypts?

A

they are spaces or fissures that may may contain bacteria or food particles, also lined with the same epithelium

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41
Q

Describe the cap of palatine tonsils

A

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that partially surrounds the basilar region of the tonsil (like a cup or basket)

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42
Q

If you see two distinctive areas of in a lymphatic nodule, what type is it?

A

secondary, the two distinctive areas are mantle zone and germinal center
primary lymphatic nodules are homogenous in appearance

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43
Q

What is lymph?

A

excessive tissue fluid from the vascular system

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44
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

along the path of lymphatic vessels

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45
Q

Briefly describe the capsule of a lymph node

A

thin layer of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

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46
Q

What are trabeculae of a lymph node?

A

capsule extensions inward as septal processes

47
Q

What carries blood vessels and nerve fibers into the lymph node?

A

trabeculae

48
Q

What are the two distinctive regions of lymph nodes?

A

1) cortex (periphery)

2) medulla (core)

49
Q

What are the two different surfaces of a lymph node?

A

1) convex (top of a dome)

2) concave

50
Q

Where are afferent lymph vessels located?

A

convex surface of a lymph node, they have valves that can control flow

51
Q

Describe the flow of lymph through a lymph node

A

afferent lymph vessel&raquo_space; subcapsular sinus&raquo_space; trabecular sinus&raquo_space; medullary sinus&raquo_space; efferent lymph vessel

52
Q

What is the hilum and where is it found?

A

space where vessels enter/exit the lymph node. it is located in the concave surface of lymph node

53
Q

What three vessels are found at the hilum?

A

1) artery
2) vein
3) efferent lymph vessel

54
Q

Where are subcapsular sinuses located?

A

just underneath the capsule

55
Q

Where are trabecular sinuses located?

A

surrounds the trabeculae, separates the connective tissue of the trabeculae from the lymphatic tissue of cortex

56
Q

Where are medullary sinuses located?

A

inside the medulla

57
Q

Where is the paracortex located?

A

it’s also known as deep cortex, located just above the medulla

58
Q

What’s the function of reticular fibers in a lymph node?

A

they create a 3D meshwork that helps suspend cells and sinuses; prevents the looser lymphatic tissue from collapsing

59
Q

What does the 3D reticular tissue consist of (5)?

A

1) reticular cells and fibers
2) dendritic cells
3) macrophages
4) plasma cells
5) follicular dendritic cells

60
Q

What do reticular cell have that cover the surface of the reticular fibers to isolate them from surrounding lymphatic tissue?

A

cytoplasmic processes

61
Q

What’s the purpose of dendritic cells and macrophages?

A

they are antigen-presenting cells

62
Q

What are follicular dendritic cells?

A

they have processes that are situated between lymphocytes and they bind to antigen/antibody complexes

63
Q

What does parenchyma mean?

A

cellular part

64
Q

What type of lymphocytes are located in lymphatic nodules (follicles) of the cortex?

A

B lymphocytes

65
Q

What type of lymphocytes are located in the paracortex (deep cortex)?

A

T lymphocytes

66
Q

What can you find in the cortex of a lymph node?

A

secondary lymphatic nodules (meaning there are two regions - mantle zone and germinal center)

67
Q

What are medullary cords?

A

irregular clumps of B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

68
Q

What is the function of medullary sinuses?

A

final area for lymph to collect and where pathogens can be removed.

69
Q

High endothelial venules (HEVs) are found in which layer of the lymph nodes?

A

paracortex

70
Q

What is different about HEVs versus regular endothelial cells that normally line vessels?

A

HEVs are made up of different type of epithelium. these are cuboidal epithelium instead of squamous. because they are taller, they are named “high” endothelial venules

71
Q

Where do majority of lymphocytes enter the lymph node?

A

via HEVs in the paracortex (90% of lymphocytes)

the other 10% enter via afferent lymph vessels

72
Q

Once the lymphocytes exit the lumen of HEV, where do they go?

A

B lymphocytes migrate to the cortex

T lymphocytes remain in the paracortex

73
Q

What type of collagen are reticular fibers?

A

type III

74
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature? Is that where they originate?

A

thymus, no, they originated from bone marrow (BM)

75
Q

Describe the path a young T lymphocyte

A

originate from BM, travel via bloodstream to the thymus where they go to school to become immunocompetent T cells.
they start out in the cortex of the thymus, then they mature in the medulla where they graduate and leave to do bigger and better things (like killing pathogens)

76
Q

Where in the thymus would you find the most immature T cells?

A

most immature will be found in the outer layer; they mature as they move closer to the medulla

77
Q

Where in the thymus would you find mature T cells?

A

medulla

78
Q

Where do mature T cells get distributed to once they leave the medulla of they thymus (4)?

A

1) paracortex of lymph nodes
2) periarterial lymphatic sheath of the spleen
3) BALT
4) GALT

79
Q

What are the five things that you won’t find in a thymus but will in a lymph node?

A

The thymus DO NOT contain these:

1) afferent lymphatic vessels
2) 3D reticular fiber framework
3) lymphatic nodules
4) B lymphocytes
5) sinuses or sinusoids

80
Q

What makes up the blood-thymus barrier (4)?

A

the capillaries are surrounded by the following layers:

1) cortical capillary endothelium
2) basal lamina
3) macrophages
4) type I epithelioreticular cells

81
Q

What’s the function of blood-thymus barrier?

A

isolates the developing T lymphocytes of the cortex from macromolecules circulating in the blood

82
Q

What type of epithelium is cortical capillary endothelium?

A 
simple squamous (typical endothelial cells)
continuous type, impermeable to many substances
83
Q

How many types of epithelioreticular cells are there?

A

6

**Note: types I,II, III are in the cortex. types IV, V, VI are in the medulla

84
Q

Which type of epithelioreticular cells forms a layer over blood vessels which isolates T lymphocytes from overlaying CT?

A

type I

85
Q

Which type of epithelioreticular cells isolates the cortex from the medulla?

A

type III

86
Q

Which type of epithelioreticular cells forms a 3D reticulum with their cell processes to suspend T lymphocytes in the cortex?

A

type II

87
Q

Which type of epithelioreticular cells are similar to type II and forms a 3D reticulum with their cell processes to suspend T lymphocytes in the medulla?

A

type V

88
Q

Which type of epithelioreticular cells are similar to type II and are found at corticomedullary junction, isolating cortex from medulla?

A

type IV

89
Q

Which type of epithelioreticular cells are a special type known as Hassall’s corpuscles?

A

type VI

90
Q

Where are Hassall’s corpuscles found?

A

medulla of thymus

**unique to thymus

91
Q

What is the overall function of the epithelioreticular cells of the cortex?

A

protect, guard and create an antigen-free environment for the maturing lymphocytes residing in the cortex

92
Q

What is DiGeorge’s syndrome?

A

developmental disorder that is characterized by thymic hypoplasia or aplasia, cannot produce T lymphocytes to fight infections leading to death

93
Q

Which pharyngeal pouch does the thymus develop from?

A

3rd

94
Q

Where do B and T lymphocytes proliferate?

A

spleen

95
Q

The parenchyma of spleen is divided into which two regions?

A

1) red pulp

2) white pulp

96
Q

Which is more abundant, red or white pulp?

A

red pulp is more abundant, the “sea”; white pulp are the “islands” found in the sea

97
Q

Does the spleen have a 3D framework of reticular fibers?

A

yes, they suspend the red pulp and sinuses

98
Q

What do the sinuses in the spleen contain?

A

RBCs

99
Q

What are the Cords of Billroth?

A

rows of cells in spleen (red pulp cord), contains macrophages

100
Q

What colors will white and red pulp be if stained with hematoxylin and esoin?

A

White pulp will stain blue (from hematoxylin)

Red pulp will stain red (from eosin)

101
Q

What are the two regions of white pulp?

A

1) PALS (periarterial lymphatic sheath)

2) Splenic nodule (Malpighian corpuscle)

102
Q

What can be found in red pulp?

A

1) splenic cords (of Billroth)

2) sinusoids

103
Q

Where will you find T lymphocytes within white pulp?

A

PALS

104
Q

Where will you find B lymphocytes within white pulp?

A

splenic nodules (Malpighian corpuscle)

105
Q

The central artery of the spleen pass through which structure?

A

PALS

106
Q

How is PALS formed?

A

the tunica adventitia of trabeculae is infiltrated by T lymphocytes, forming a sheath around the central artery

107
Q

Once PALS loses its lymphatic sheath, it gives rise to what structure?

A

penicillar arterioles, which pass into the red pulp

108
Q

Arterial capillaries are continuation of what?

A

penicillar arterioles

109
Q

What are sheathed capillaries?

A

arterial capillaries that are covered by a sheath of macrophages

110
Q

Where do blood empty into from sheathed capillaries?

A

splenic cords (of Billroth), blood is filtered here

111
Q

Where do blood go after the splenic cords?

A

splenic sinuses

112
Q

Where do blood go after the splenic sinuses?

A

general circulation

113
Q

At what structure does the splenic artery enter the spleen and gives rise to multiple branches (trabecular arteries)?

A

hilum

Cell Bio Exam 3 (11 decks)

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