Variation Among Individuals

Question 1

Scientific name of whiskerbrush

Answer 1

Linanthus ciliates

Question 2

Scientific name of bat stars

Answer 2

Asterina miniate

Question 3

Scientific name of ground snakes

Answer 3

Sonora semiannulata

Question 4

3 kinds of variation

Answer 4

1. Genetic variation
2. Environmental variation *cannot serve as a raw material for evolution)
3. Genotype-by-environment interaction

Question 5

The human body is composed of approximately how many proteins

Answer 5

approximately 16%

Question 6

water content of the human body

Answer 6

approximately 60%

Question 7

how much percent of the muscle is made up of amino acids

Answer 7

80%

Question 8

examples of proteins

Answer 8

Hemoglobin in red blood cells
Mucin/mucigen in goblet cells
Rhodopsin in rod cells

Question 9

Some of the genes on human chromosome 7

Answer 9

Glucokinase
Elastin
Pendrin
CFTR
Leptin
Taste receptor type 2, member 38

Question 10

Example of genetic variation

Answer 10

Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste

Question 11

who discovered phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)

Answer 11

Arthur Fox

Question 12

Tastes extremely bitter to some people but not to others.

Chemical structure resembles toxins found in plants

Answer 12

Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)

Question 13

The tongue is covered with bumps called ______ and each of them contains multiple taste buds

Answer 13

papillae

Question 14

Taste buds are filled with _____ - the cells that do the tasting. The tip of each —— protrudes through a pore on the surface of the tongue.

Answer 14

Gustatory cells

Question 15

carry signals from the gustatory cells to the brain

Answer 15

Nerves

Question 16

The tip of each gustatory cell is covered with an assortment of ____________, which can detect a wide variety of compounds. Stimulation of any of these receptors sends a signal to the brain

Answer 16

taste receptors

Question 17

receptor for PTC

Answer 17

TAS2R38

Question 18

Amino acid substitution in PTC tasters and non-taster

Answer 18

GCA (Ala) -> CCA (Pro) at 49
non-taster taster

Question 19

which is dominant, PAV or AVI?

Answer 19

PAV

Question 20

people with PAV/PAV rate vegetables as _______

Answer 20

bitter

Question 21

people with AVI/AVI generally eat (more, less) vegetables?

Answer 21

more

Question 22

AVI and PAV alleles

Answer 22

(Ala-Val-Iso) AVI allele for non-bitter taste
(Pro-Ala-Val) PAV for bitter taste

Question 23

Vegetables with bitter taste

Answer 23

1. Broccoli
2. Brussels Sprouts
3. Cauliflower
4. Watercress
5. Rutabaga
6. Collard Greens
7. Turnips
8. Mustard Greens
9. Kale
10. Kohlrabi
11. Arugula
12. White Radishes

Question 24

Example of environmental variation

Answer 24

Water flea (Daphnia pulex) developing a neck teeth

Genetically identical but different phenotypes due to different environmental conditions

Question 25

Keratinocytes, Mast cells, Monocytes/Macrophages, and Fibroblasts produce VEGF which causes vascularization (angiogenesis)

Answer 25

VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

Question 26

Example of Genotype-by-Environment interaction

Answer 26

ex. incubation temperature determines sex

Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)

ex. Major depressive disorder and childhood maltreatment - ss gene, sl gene, and ll gene

ex. Tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) having darker colors after heat shock

Question 27

• a gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role during embryonic development

Answer 27

Sox9 or Sex determing region Y –box 9

Question 28

– the pattern of phenotypes an individual may develop upon exposure to different environments.

Answer 28

Reaction norm

Question 29

What is the incubating temperature for Eublepharis mascularius to be male

Answer 29

32°C

Question 30

– the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments.

Answer 30

Phenotypic plasticity

Question 31

14 repeats of serotonin transporters - short alleles
16 repeats of protein transporters - long alleles