The Rise of Evolutionary Thought

Question 1

It overturned an existing idea about how nature works and replaces it with a radically different idea

Answer 1

Scientific Revolution

Question 2

refers to the period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It replaced the Greek view of nature that had dominated science for
almost 2,000 years.

Answer 2

Scientific Revolution

Question 3

Model of Diversity of Life according to Plato

Answer 3

Typological thinking

Question 4

Model of Diversity of Life according to Aristotle

Answer 4

Typological thinking + Scale of Nature

Question 5

Model of Diversity of Life according to Lamarck

Answer 5

Change through time + Scale of Nature

Question 6

Model of Diversity of Life according to Darwin and Wallace

Answer 6

Change through time + Common Ancestry

Question 7

Who stated that every organism was an example of a perfect essence, or type, created by God, and that these types were unchanging

Answer 7

Plato

Question 8

is a way of looking at things that classifies things only in terms of the types to which they belong, and ignores variations among individuals.

Answer 8

Typological thinking

Question 9

According to ______ (384-322 BCE), all organisms are related in a hierarchy of simple to complex forms.

Answer 9

Aristotle

Question 10

The ___________________ was a continuous hierarchy of all beings arranged in order of “perfection.”

Answer 10

scala naturae (“scale of nature”)

Question 11

In 1809, ____________ proposed that organisms that used one part of their body repeatedly would increase their abilities. Conversely, disuse would weaken an organ until it disappeared (Theory of use and disuse)

Answer 11

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Question 12

Vestigial structure found in fish, reptiles and birds, and mammals

Answer 12

yolk sac

Question 13

Extraembryonic membranes

Answer 13

Allantois
Amnion
Chorion

Question 14

The vermiform appendix as a vestigial structure

Has 2 functions:

Answer 14

1. Maintain homeostatic: the endocrine cells present in appendix contribute to biological control mechanism.
2. Immune function: during the early years of development, the appendix has been shown to function as a lymphoid organ, assisting with the maturation of B lymphocytes and production of antibodies IgA

Question 15

What was the title of the paper published by Lamarck

Answer 15

Philosophie Zoologique

Question 16

The father of Paleontology

Answer 16

Georges Cuvier

Question 17

English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies

Answer 17

Charles Robert Darwin

Question 18

Darwin formulated his bold theory in
private in the year _______, after returning from a voyage around the world aboard _______, but it was not
until two decades later that he finally
gave it full public expression in On the Origin of Species (1859)

Answer 18

1837–39
HMS Beagle

Question 19

2 types of tortoises found in the Galapagos islands

Answer 19

Saddle-shaped
Dome-shaped

Question 20

Where is the Galapagos islands located

Answer 20

600 miles West of Ecuador, South America

Question 21

The formation of new species - Eventually, changes in the gene pool happens as a result of the birds adapting to their local environment. If some birds from island B fly back to island A, they may have changed enough that they can no longer interbreed ( ____________)

Answer 21

Reproductive isolation

Question 22

Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by:

Answer 22

A. Founding of new populations
B. Geographic isolation
C. Gene pool changes
D. Reproductive isolation
E. Ecological competition
F. Continued evolution

Question 23

His formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection, which predated Charles Darwin’s published contributions, is his most outstanding legacy, but it was just one of many controversial issues he studied and wrote about during his lifetime.

Answer 23

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 24

According to him “every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a pre-existing closely allied species”.

Answer 24

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 25

is a faunal boundary. It represents an abrupt limit of distribution for many major animal groups. Many fish, bird, and mammal groups are abundantly represented on one side of the line but poorly or not at all on the other side.

Answer 25

Wallace Line

Question 26

Father of Biogeography

Answer 26

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 27

Marsupial = ____ of Wallace Line
Placentals = ____ of Wallace Line

Answer 27

East
West

Question 28

Book by Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 28

Natural Selection and Beyond

Question 29

Wallace focused on birdwing butterflies

Question 30

Lamarck’s proposed ancestor of giraffes has characteristics of modern day __________

Answer 30

Okapi

Question 31

On which islets in the Galapagos islands can we find saddle-shaped tortoises

Answer 31

Pinta
Pinzon
Floreana
Espanola
San Cristobal

Question 32

The formation of new species - takes place over many years and is influenced by many factors

Answer 32

Speciation