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A Level Biology - 4.2.2 Classification > Variation > Flashcards

Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is variation?

A

Members of different species look different and are rarely identical

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2
Q

What are the types of variation?

A

Intraspecific and interspecific

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3
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Variation within a species

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4
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

Variation between different species

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5
Q

What are the way variation be caused?

A

Genetic variation or between individuals due to environmental factors

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6
Q

What determines the phenotype of an organism?

A

Genes and environment

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7
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of an organism due to both genetic and environmental influence

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8
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup (all of the DNA) which refers to the combination of alleles of an organism that contributes to its traits

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9
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different version of genes

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10
Q

Where do alleles come from?

A

Each individual inherits 2, one from their mum and one from their dad

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11
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

A difference in DNA between an individual and another

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12
Q

What causes genetic variation?

A

Sexual reproduction and mutation

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13
Q

How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation?

A

Random mating, random fusion of gametes, independent assortment andd crossing over

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14
Q

What is mutation?

A

Deletion, substitution and insertion cause different proteins to fold up differently due to amino acids

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15
Q

What do changes in DNA sequence cause?

A

They give rise to different alleles which could lead to differences at the protein level

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16
Q

What are the types of gamete mutations?

A

Somatic and germ-line

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17
Q

What is the effect of somatic and germ-line mutations?

A

Somatic are not passed onto offspring and germ-line are

18
Q

How does meiosis cause genetic variation?

A

Independant assortment and crossing over gives rise to variation amongst offspring by mixing alleles

19
Q

How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation?

A

Two gametes fuse so half genetic material of one parent and offspring will always differ from parents

20
Q

How does chance cause genetic variation?

A

Which individuals will mate and which gametes will fuse

21
Q

What are environmental factors?

A

Water availability, temperature and food availability

22
Q

What is the importance of variation?

A

If there is genetic variation, if one organism is susceptible to a disease, the whole population will be and could be wiped out, and it is the basis for evolution through natural selection

23
Q

What is variation in microorganisms?

A

Microorganisms have different shapes and sizes, some with flagella, some not and some that can be stained with ram positive and others that can’t

24
Q

How can bacteria and viruses mutate?

A

To become more resistance to drugs

25
Q

What are types of data?

A

Continuous or discontinuous

26
Q

What is continuous data?

A

It is quantitative, such as height or body mass

27
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

A full range of intermediate phenotypes between the extremes with a wide range of phenotypic difference in one trait within the population

28
Q

How is continuous data categorised?

A

It can take any numerical value within a range in distinct categories

29
Q

How is continuous data recorded?

A

In a line graph

30
Q

What controls continuous traits?

A

A number of genes, which each add a component to the phenotype

31
Q

What influences continuous traits?

A

The environment, so they are multi factorial

32
Q

What is the effect of different alleles?

A

They have a mall effect on the phenotype and may have a combined effect on the phenotype

33
Q

What is discontinuous data?

A

It is qualitative, such as blood type or eye colour

34
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Seperate groups of phenotypes with no in between bars

35
Q

How is discontinuous data organised?

A

Into clearly distinguishable phenotypic categories in distinct groups with no intermediate values

36
Q

How is discontinuous data recorded?

A

A bar chart

37
Q

What controls continuous variation?

A

One only genes and different alleles at a single gene locus have a large effect on the phenotype

38
Q

What is special about alleles?

A

The inherited combination is unique

39
Q

What does a normal distribution curve look like?

A

A bell-shaped curve

40
Q

Where is the mean, median and mode of a bell shaped curve?

A

They are all the same in the centre

41
Q

Where are the values on a normal distribution curve?

A

50% are above and 50% are below the mean, with most being close to the mean and the number of individuals at extremes low

42
Q

What is an example of normal distribution?

A

Height in humans or mass in plants and animals

A Level Biology - 4.2.2 Classification (9 decks)

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