Variables

Question 1

Measurable elements that can change or vary. They can refer to characteristics such as age, gender, intelligence, and others that are central to research studies.

Answer 1

Variables

Question 2

The two (2) Types of Variables are:

Answer 2

• Quantitative
• Qualitative

Question 3

There are 3 Kinds of Quantitative Variables. These include:

Answer 3

• Discrete
• Continuous
• Ratio

Question 4

Can be counted, only whole numbers (e.g., group sizes, frequency of behavior)

Answer 4

Discrete Variables

Question 5

Measured in ranges, can include fractions or decimals (e.g., temperature)

Answer 5

Continuous Variables

Question 6

Special type of continuous variable that cannot have negative values (e.g., age, height, test scores)

Answer 6

Ratio Variables

Question 7

There are three (3) Kinds of Qualitative Variables. These include:

Answer 7

• Dichotomous
• Nominal
• Ordinal

Question 8

Two distinct categories (e.g., yes/no answers)

Answer 8

Dichotomous Variables

Question 9

More than two categories (e.g., blood type, marital status)

Answer 9

Nominal Variables

Question 10

Have ranked or ordered values (e.g., frequency of actions, grades A+, A, B)

Answer 10

Ordinal Variables

Question 11

There are three (3) Types of Variable Relationships. These include:

Answer 11

• Independent Variables
• Dependent Variables
• Extraneous Variables (+ Confounding Variables)

Question 12

Cause changes in the dependent variable, manipulated by the researcher (e.g., in an experiment).

Answer 12

Independent Variables

Question 13

Are affected by the independent variable; the presumed effect.

Answer 13

Dependent Variables

Question 14

Any variable that is not independent or dependent but could affect the results of a study.

Answer 14

Extraneous Variables

Question 15

When an extraneous variable influences the dependent variable and not the independent variable.

Answer 15

Confounding Variables

Question 16

Other Variable Types include:

Answer 16

• Attribute Variables
• Covariate Variables
• Latent Variables
• Manifest Variables

Question 17

Characteristics of participants (e.g., intelligence, creativity).

Answer 17

Attribute Variables

Question 18

Interact with independent and dependent variables.

Answer 18

Covariate Variables

Question 19

Not directly observable (e.g., personality traits).

Answer 19

Latent Variables

Question 20

Observable and measurable variables that indicate the presence of latent variables.

Answer 20

Manifest Variables

Question 21

Example: The number of cars in a parking lot; the number of students in a class

Answer 21

Discrete Variables

Question 22

Example: The height of students in a classroom; temperature in a room

Answer 22

Continuous Variables

Question 23

Example: A person’s age measured in years; weight of a product

Answer 23

Ratio Variables

Question 24

Example: Whether a student passed or failed an exam (pass/fail); sex (male/female)

Answer 24

Dichotomous

Question 25

Example: Level of satisfaction with a product; educational attainment

Answer 25

Ordinal Variables

Question 26

Example: In an experiment studying the effect of sleep on test performance, the amount of
sleep is the [][].

Answer 26

Independent Variables

Question 27

Example: In a weight loss program study, the [][] would be the amount of weight lost by participants after following a specific diet or exercise plan.

Answer 27

Dependent Variable

Question 28

Example: In a study on the effect of exercise on weight loss, diet could be a(n) [][] if not controlled because participants who exercise and eat healthily might lose more weight.

Answer 28

extraneous variable

Question 29

Example: In a study on the impact of diet on heart disease, age could be a [][] as older participants are more likely to have heart disease regardless of their diet.

Answer 29

confounding variable

Question 30

Example: Intelligence or creativity level, which might be measured using IQ tests or creativity assessments.

Answer 30

Attribute Variable

Question 31

Example: In a study on physical activity and heart health, body mass index (BMI) might be a [][] since it can influence both activity levels and heart health.

Answer 31

covariate variable

Question 32

Example: Personality traits like extroversion or introversion

Answer 32

Latent Variable

Question 33

Example: Scores on a questionnaire assessing extroversion

Answer 33

Manifest Variables

(provided measurable indications of the latent personality trait)