Vanders blood notes Flashcards
What are the three main plasma protein groups?
Albumins, globulins and fibrinogin
What is serum?
Plasma minus proteins involved in clotting
In hamoglobin, What does oxgen bind to?
Fe2+
What is the diameter of a red blood cell?
7 microns
Do erythrocytes have ribosomes?
NO
Where does destruction of erythrocytes NORMALLY occur?
Liver or spleen
When stored in the liver, what is iron bound to?
ferritin
When being delivered to the bone marrow, what is iron bound to?
transferrin
What is folic acid required for the synthesis of?
Thymine
Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of what vitamin?
B12
What hormone regulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
What organ secretes erythropoietin?
The kidneys
What does the hormone erythropoietin stimulate?
Erythropoiesis
What is another word for white blood cell?
Leukocyte
Where can you find eosinophils?
Blood + Mucosal lining of GI tract, Respiratory tract and urinary tract
What two things beginning with H do basophils secrete?
Heparin + Histamine
When cytoplasmic portions are pinched off megakaryocytes what do these portions form?
Platelets
Give 5 examples of hematopoietic growth factors
erythropoietin colony stimulating factors interleukins thrombopoietin stem cell factor
Which hematopoietic growth factor stimulates production of granulocytes and monocytes?
Colony stimulating factors
What is the function of the HGF, thrombopoietin?
Stimulates platelet formation
How do platelets largely adhere to collagen?
Via the intermediary- Von Willebrand Factor vWF
What secretes vWF?
Platelets and endothelial cells q
Describe the functions of thromboxane A2
- Stimulates platelet aggregation by activating platelets
2. Stimulates vasoconstriction
What forms bridges between platelets?
Fibrinogen
What cells synthesise prostacyclin?
undamaged endothelial cells
What can we shorten prostacyclin to?
PGI2
What effect does prostacyclin have on platelet aggregation?
Inhibits platelet aggregation
In addition to prostacyclin, what do endothelial cells also produce that acts as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation?
Nitric oxide
What is prostacyclin synthesised from?
Arachidonic acids
Which coagulation pathway has everything necessary for it to occur in the blood?
Intrinsic pathway
What is activated first in the intrinsic pathway?
Factor XII
What does XIIa activate in the intrinsic pathway?
Factor XI
What does factor XIa activate in the intrinsic pathway?
Factor IX
What is factor X activated by in the intrinsic pathway and what is also required for this reaction?
Activated by factor IXa with the help of factor VIIIa
Factor VIIIa is involved in the activation of what factor?
Factor X
What factor converts prothrombin to thrombin with the help of factor Va?
Xa
What does factor Va assist with the conversion of?
Prothrombin to thrombin (using Xa)
What does tissue factor bind to at the start of the extrinisic pathway?
Factor VII
When factor VII binds to tissue factor it becomes?
Factor VIIa (activated)
Describe the functions of factor VIIa in the extrinsic pathway?
Converts IX to IXa
Converts X to Xa
Describe the effect thrombin has in the intrinsic pathway?
Positive feedback
Which pathway is less important for initiation but more important for amplification in the coagulation cascade?
The intrinsic pathway (positive feedback on pathway from thrombin)
What is factor XIII activated by?
Thrombin
What is the function of factor XIIIa?
Stabilises fibrin network
What clotting factors does thrombin increase the activation of?
XI
VIII
V
Which organ produces clotting factors?
Liver
What vitamin is important in the production of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
What does the liver produce that are important for the absorption of vitamin K?
Bile salts
What inactivates thrombin and other clotting factors that is more effective when bound to heparin?
Antithrombin III
What activates protein C?
Thrombin bound to thrombomodulin
What does protein C inactivate?
XIIIa and Va
What is sectreted from endothelial cells and binds to tissue factor-factor VIIa complexes?
Tissue factor pathway Inhibitor
What increases the ability of tissue plasminogen activator to generate plasmin?
fibrin
