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Cardio > Cardio Histology > Flashcards

Cardio Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diameter of an erythrocyte?

A

6.5-8.5 microns

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2
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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3
Q

Where are red blood cells mainly destroyed?

A

The spleen

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4
Q

What is the definition of an artery?

A

carries blood away from the heart

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5
Q

What type of artery is the aorta?

A

large elastic artery

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6
Q

What is the difference between an elastic artery and a muscular artery?

A

In an elastic artery the media contains abundant concentric sheets of elastin
In a muscular artery the media contains layers of smooth muscle

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7
Q

why are the walls of the vessels in the pulmonary circulation thinner than the walls of the vessels in the systemic circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation is under lower pressure

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8
Q

What layers lie either side of the media in a vessel?

A

internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina

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9
Q

What is the main component of the adventitia?

A

collagen

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10
Q

What can be found in the adventitia of thick walled vessels that supply the media with blood?

A

vasa vasorum

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11
Q

Describe the arrangement of elastic fibres in an elastic artery

A

arranged cirumferentially

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12
Q

How can we define an arteriole?

A

3 or fewer layers of smooth muscle in the media

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13
Q

In what organs will you find sinusoids?

A

Liver and spleen

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14
Q

What are sinusoids lined by?

A

endothelium (fenestrated)

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15
Q

Describe the basement membrane in sinusoids

A

scanty, discontinuous or absent

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16
Q

What are the venules that come immediately after the capillaries called?

A

post capillary venules

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17
Q

What do post capillary venules have more of than capilllaries?

A

pericytes

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18
Q

In muscular venules what are the pericytes replaced with?

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

What allows arterioles to communicate directly with venules?

A

arteriovenous anastamoses

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20
Q

What do lymphatics have in common with veins but not with arteries?

A

valves

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21
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

56%

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22
Q

What percentage of blood is white blood cells?

A

1%

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23
Q

What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

A

6.5-8,5 microns

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24
Q

Where are red blood cells destroyed?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

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25
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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26
Q

What do monocytes become in tissues?

A

macrophages

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27
Q

What do basophils become in tissues?

A

mast cells

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28
Q

what are polymorphonuclear leukocytes also called?

A

neutrophils

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29
Q

How many types of cytoplasmic granule does a neutrophil contain?

A

3

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30
Q

What are primary granules in neutrophils similar to?

A

lysosomes

31
Q

What do primary granules in neutrophils contain?

A

acid hydrolases and myeloperoxidase

32
Q

What do secondary granules in neutrophils secrete?

A

substances that mobalise inflammatory mediators

33
Q

What do tertiary granules in neutrophils contain?

A

enzymes and adhesion molecules

34
Q

Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil

A

multi-lobed

35
Q

Describe the nucleus of an eosinophil

A

bi-lobed

36
Q

Which granulocyte has lozenge shaped granules with crystaline cores?

A

eosinophils

37
Q

Eosinophils inhibit the secretion of which cell?

A

mast cells

38
Q

How do eosinophils restrict the inflammtory response?

A

neutralise histamine

39
Q

Describe the nucleus of a basophil

A

bi-lobed

40
Q

Which cell increases in number during a parasitic infection

A

Eosinophil

41
Q

What is the least common white blood cell?

A

basophil

42
Q

What colour do basophil granules stain?

A

dark blue

43
Q

What do basophil granules contain?

A

histamine

44
Q

Basophils are the circulating form of which cell?

A

tissue mast cell

45
Q

What do basophils have receptors for?

A

IgE

46
Q

What do basophils release in response to allergens?

A

histamine

47
Q

What is the diameter of a lymphocyte?

A

10 microns

48
Q

What colour does the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte stain?

A

blue/grey

49
Q

What type of T cell suppresses the immune response?

A

T suppressor cells

50
Q

What type of T cell kills previously marked target cells?

A

T cytotoxic cells

51
Q

What is NK cells short for? What do these cells do?

A

natural killer cells

Mainly kill virus infected cells

52
Q

Describe the nucleus of monocytes?

A

reniform

53
Q

Monocytes are classed as agranulocytes. Do they have cytoplasmic granules?

A

Yes. They have small cytoplasmic granules- mainly lysosomes

54
Q

What can monocytes differentiate into?

A 
tissue macrophages
kupffer cells 
osteoclasts
antigen presenting cells 
alveolar macrophages
55
Q

What type of cell are platelets derived from?

A

megakaryocytes

56
Q

What is the word for the formation of blood cells?

A

hematopoeisis

57
Q

What type of cell do all blood cells come from?

A

haematopoeitic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

58
Q

What is the sac called that the heart lies in?

A

the pericardial sac

59
Q

What type of cell rests on a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue to make the pericardium?

A

mesothelial cells

60
Q

What are the two different types of pericardium?

A

visceral and parietal

61
Q

Which layer of the heart contains the coronary arteries?

A

the epicardium

62
Q

What is the fancy name for muscle cell?

A

myocyte

63
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

The myocardium

64
Q

Cardiac muscle cells form which layer of the heart?

A

the myocardium

65
Q

What do intercalated discs contain?

A

gap junctions, desmosomes and adhering junctions

66
Q

Where will you find the largest cardiac myocytes?

A

In the wall of the left ventricle

67
Q

What type of granule do atrial myocytes have and what does this granule contain?

A

perinuclear neuroendocrine granules

atrial natriuretic hormone

68
Q

What triggers release of atrial natriuretic hormone?

A

excessive stretching of the atria

69
Q

Which hormones does atrial natriuretic hormone inhibit?

A

renin and aldosterone

70
Q

Which layer in the internal lining of the heart?

A

the endocardium

71
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

thin layer of fibrous connective tissue lined on its innermost surface by endothelial cells

72
Q

what are the heart valves attached to?

A

the central fibrous body

73
Q

Excluding the endothelial layers, what are the layers of a heart valve? And out of these layers which lies closest to the ventricle if we were referring to the aortic valve?

A

fibrosa
spongiosa
ventricularis- lies closest to the ventricle

74
Q

What type of cells surround the heart valve?

A

endothelial cells

Cardio (8 decks)

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