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Cardio > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the three layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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2
Q

Which layer ( endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) does the majority of the cardiovascular system come from?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

What does the first heart field develop into?

A

The left ventricle

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4
Q

Which heart field do the atria and the right ventricle arise from?

A

The second heart field

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5
Q

What are the three stages of heart formation?

A
  1. Formation of the primitive heart tube
  2. Cardiac looping
  3. Cardiac septation
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6
Q

The cardiogenic region forms in which week of development?

A

Third week

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7
Q

What two tubes have developed by day 19 that fuse to form the single primitive heart tube?

A

Endocardial tubes

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8
Q

What do the endocardial tubes fuse to from?

A

The heart tube

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9
Q

What part of the heart tube forms the right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts for the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

bulbis cordis

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10
Q

In the heart tube, what does the bulbis cordis sit superiorly to?

A

The primitive ventricle

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11
Q

What does the primitive ventricle of the heart tube form?

A

The left ventricle

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12
Q

What does the primitive atrium sit inferiorly to in the heart tube?

A

The primitive ventricle

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13
Q

What part of the heart tube forms the vena cava?

A

The sinus venosus

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14
Q

Describe the movement of the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus in cardiac looping

A

move superiorly and posteriorly

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15
Q

Where does the primitive ventricle move during cardiac looping?

A

To the left

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16
Q

Describe the movement of the bulbis cordis during cardiac looping

A

Moves inferioly, anteriorly and to the right

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17
Q

What are the common atrium and ventricle connected by before cardiac septation?

A

The atrioventricular canal

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18
Q

Describe the circulation after cardiac looping and before cardiac septation

A

Blood enters the atrium, passes through the AV canal, passes into the ventricle, blood exits the heart via the truncus arteriosus

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19
Q

What grows at the sides of the AV canal to form right and left AV canal?

A

Endocardial cushions

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20
Q

Where can you find the apex beat?

A

Left 5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line

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21
Q

What forms the right heart border?

A

Atrium and superior vena cava

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22
Q

What is the heart mainly anteriorly?

A

Right ventricle

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23
Q

What is the heart mainly posteriorly?

A

Left atrium

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24
Q

What does the mediastinum lie between?

A

right and left pleura

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25
Q

What does the plane that divides the mediastnum into superior and inferior lie between?

A

The sternal angle and T4/5

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26
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

Where body and manubrium of sternum articulate

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27
Q

Describe the layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous-outer layer

Serous- inner layer

28
Q

What layers can the serous pericardium be divided into?

A

Visceral and parietal

29
Q

What side of the heart is the mitral valve on?

A

left

30
Q

What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve on?

A

right

31
Q

What are the two semilunar valves called?

A

aortic valve and pulmonary valve

32
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have?

A

two

33
Q

What are the chordae tendinae attatched to?

A

At one end- either the mitral or tricuspid valve

At the other end- the papillary muscles

34
Q

Define arterial blood

A

Blood leaving the heart

35
Q

Define venous blood

A

Blood returning to the heart

36
Q

what kind of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood

37
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

38
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

A

left

39
Q

how many pulmonary veins usually drain into the left atrium?

A

4

40
Q

What are heart muscle cells called?

A

cardiomyocytes

41
Q

Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate?

A

The base of the aorta

42
Q

What are the two major branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Left anterior descending artery

Circumflex artery

43
Q

What are the two major branches of the right coronary artery (usually! Remember one can branch off the left coronary artery but this is less common)

A

The posterior descending artery

The right marginal artery

44
Q

What does it mean if someone has right dominant circulation?

A

Their posterior descending artery branches off from the right coronary artery

45
Q

What does it mean if someone has left dominant coronary circulation?

A

Their posterior descending artery branches off the circumflex artery

46
Q

How would you describe the coronary circulation of someone who’s posterior descending artery is supplied by both their right coronary artery and their circumflex artery?

A

Codominant

47
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty into?

A

The right atrium

48
Q

What vein does blood the myocardium supplied by the LAD empty into?

A

the great cardiac vein

49
Q

What vein does blood from the myocardium supplied by the circumflex artery empty into?

A

The posterior vein of the left ventricle

50
Q

What vein does blood from the myocardium supplied by then marginal artery empty into?

A

The small cardiac vein

51
Q

The myocardium that’s blood drains into the middle cardiac vein is supplied by which artery?

A

The posterior descending artery

52
Q

At what stage in the cardiac cycle does the myocardium receive blood?

A

diastole

53
Q

Where in the heart will you find the fossa ovalis?

A

The right atrium

54
Q

What did the fossa ovalis used to be in the fetus?

A

The foramen ovale

55
Q

Where in the heart will you find the SA node?

A

The right atrium

56
Q

What are the collagen cords called that attatch valves to papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendinae

57
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk split into

A

left and right pulmonary arteries

58
Q

What branch of the aorta gives rise to the right common carotid and the right subclavian artery?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

59
Q

List the layers of the heart and pericardium

A 
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium 
Pericardial cavity
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
60
Q

What can the epicardium also be called?

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium

61
Q

What is the outermost layer of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium

62
Q

What is the innermost layer of the pericardium?

A

Epicardium

63
Q

What lies between the epicardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

A

The pericardial cavity

64
Q

What groove does the LAD run in?

A

The anterior interventricular groove

65
Q

What groove does the Cx run in?

A

The left atrioventricular groove

66
Q

What is the least common coronary circulation dominance?

A

Left dominant

67
Q

What is the most common coronary circulation dominance?

A

Right dominant

Cardio (8 decks)

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